Asian spiderflower (Cleome viscosa L.) is a fast-growing herb found in humid and warm habitats of the Americas, Africa and Asia. It is one of the most important weeds of crop fields in Asia and Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the after-ripening of Asian spiderflower seeds and evaluate its germination and emergence responses to various environmental (temperature, pH, salinity and water potential) and management (burial depth, flooding time and high temperature) factors. Mature seeds were collected from Kalaleh County, Iran, during October of 2015 and 2018. Seed germination increased over time and reached 77% after 209 days after-ripening. Based on the segmented model, base and optimum temperatures for germination were 15.70–17.32°C and 31.89–34.11°C respectively. Asian spiderflower seed germination was sensitive to high levels of soil salinity and adapted to moderate-drought conditions. Seeds germinated better at neutral and alkaline pH levels. Seedling emergence from seeds either left on the soil surface or buried at depths more than 4 cm was low, and the maximum emergence occurred in seeds buried at a depth of 1 cm. Flooding significantly reduced seedling emergence. The exposure of seeds to 82.18–87.59°C reduced seed germination by 50% and no germination occurred at 100°C. The results obtained from this study showed that several options are available for the integrated management of this weed.

中文翻译：

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环境和管理因素对亚洲蜘蛛花（Cleome viscosa L.）种子萌发和出苗的影响

亚洲蜘蛛花（Cleome viscosaL.) 是一种生长迅速的草本植物，生长在美洲、非洲和亚洲潮湿和温暖的栖息地。它是亚洲和非洲农田最重要的杂草之一。本研究的目的是确定亚洲蜘蛛花种子的后熟情况，并评估其发芽和出苗对各种环境（温度、pH、盐度和水势）和管理（埋藏深度、淹水时间和高温）因素的响应。2015 年 10 月和 2018 年期间，从伊朗 Kalaleh 县收集了成熟种子。种子发芽率随着时间的推移而增加，并在成熟后 209 天后达到 77%。根据分段模型，发芽的基温和最适温度分别为 15.70-17.32°C 和 31.89-34.11°C。亚洲蜘蛛花种子萌发对高水平土壤盐分敏感并适应中等干旱条件。种子在中性和碱性 pH 值下发芽得更好。留在土壤表面或埋藏深度超过 4 cm 的种子出苗率较低，而埋藏深度为 1 cm 的种子出苗率最高。淹水显着减少了出苗率。将种子暴露在 82.18-87.59°C 时，种子发芽率降低了 50%，并且在 100°C 时不会发芽。从这项研究中获得的结果表明，有多种选择可用于这种杂草的综合管理。最大的出苗出现在埋入 1 cm 深度的种子中。淹水显着减少了出苗率。将种子暴露在 82.18-87.59°C 时，种子发芽率降低了 50%，并且在 100°C 时不会发芽。从这项研究中获得的结果表明，有多种选择可用于这种杂草的综合管理。最大的出苗出现在埋入 1 cm 深度的种子中。淹水显着减少了出苗率。将种子暴露在 82.18-87.59°C 时，种子发芽率降低了 50%，并且在 100°C 时不会发芽。从这项研究中获得的结果表明，有多种选择可用于这种杂草的综合管理。