Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host–pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant’s defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant’s antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.

中文翻译：

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植物对双生病毒感染的反应：植物免疫的守护者


双生病毒是环状单链病毒，造成全球农作物巨大损失。双生病毒多样性的快速扩展超过了控制其传播的持续努力。双生病毒通过操纵植物的基因表达、细胞信号传导、蛋白质周转和代谢重编程来引导宿主细胞机器向有利于它们的方向发展。作为对病毒感染的反应，植物已经进化出各种策略来破坏病毒入侵并恢复细胞稳态。许多报告探索了植物-双生病毒相互作用的各个方面，描绘了宿主-病原体动态的微妙性和灵活性。为了利用这一知识库来提高宿主植物的抗病毒抵抗力，需要全面了解植物对双生病毒的防御反应。这篇综述根据抗性机制和有助于防御的先天遗传因素，讨论了植物对双生病毒的抗病毒反应的当前知识。我们重新审视了涉及转录和转录后基因沉默、泛素蛋白酶体降解途径、蛋白激酶信号级联、自噬和过敏反应的防御途径。此外，还讨论了双生病毒诱导的植物激素波动、初级和次生代谢物的后续变化及其对发病机制的影响，以及 CRISPR-Cas9 技术在植物中产生双生病毒抗性的最新进展。 考虑到植物-病毒相互作用领域的快速发展，这篇综述及时而全面地描述了分子细微差别，这些细微差别定义了双生病毒感染的过程，并可用于产生抗病毒植物以控制全球农业损害。