Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities threaten marine biodiversity, livelihoods, food security, and human rights across the globe. Often occurring in waters that are difficult to control, and across multi-sector, transboundary, value chains that are hard to regulate, such a complex and heterogeneous problem requires multiple strategies beyond sovereign nations’ legislation alone. Here we explore the mechanisms through which eco-certification, by fostering private-public and cross-jurisdiction cooperation, can incentivize fishers to adopt best practices in harvesting and ecosystem impacts mitigation, increase the transparency of fishery operations and accountability to suppliers. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) sets globally recognized standards for fisheries sustainability and supply chain assurance, based on the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Building on the MSC experience of over 400 certified fisheries representing 18% of global wild marine catch, we analyse examples and available information on the changes achieved by the seafood industry through engagement with the program, with particular focus on the elimination or reduction of illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing practices. We propose here that different, interlinked mechanisms come into play: the Standards provide best practice guidelines for improved catch documentation, monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS), and strengthening regulations. These lead to change either through (1) direct improvements required for fisheries to achieve the certificate (eg in Fishery Improvement Projects) or, (2) once certified, to maintain the certificate, or (3) as an emergent effect of the engagement process itself, requiring stakeholder cooperation and transparent information-sharing leading to a greater culture of compliance, and (4),

中文翻译：

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生态认证在消除非法、未报告和无管制捕捞方面的作用的观点

非法、不报告和不管制 (IUU) 捕鱼活动威胁着全球的海洋生物多样性、生计、粮食安全和人权。通常发生在难以控制的水域中，并且跨越难以监管的跨部门、跨界、价值链，这样一个复杂和异质的问题需要多种策略，而不仅仅是主权国家的立法。在这里，我们探索生态认证通过促进公私合作和跨辖区合作的机制，可以激励渔民在捕捞和减轻生态系统影响方面采用最佳做法，提高渔业作业的透明度和对供应商的问责制。海洋管理委员会 (MSC) 制定了全球公认的渔业可持续性和供应链保证标准，以《粮农组织负责任渔业行为守则》为基础。以 MSC 对 400 多个认证渔业占全球野生海洋捕捞量的 18% 的经验为基础，我们分析了有关海产品业通过参与该计划所取得的变化的示例和可用信息，特别关注消除或减少非法、未报告或无管制的捕捞做法。我们在此建议使用不同的、相互关联的机制：标准为改进捕捞记录、监测、控制和监视 (MCS) 以及加强法规提供最佳实践指南。这些会通过 (1) 渔业获得证书所需的直接改进（例如在渔业改进项目中）或 (2) 一旦获得认证，保持证书，