Several taxa that are distributed in the Caucasus and/or the adjacent Pontic Mountains also have representatives in the East Mediterranean region. These disjunctions could have been caused by long-distance dispersal or be the result of extinctions in Central Anatolia caused by the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene. We studied the Longiphallus–Hiramia group of Oxychilus as an example showing such distribution patterns. Phylogenetic analyses of the Oxychilus species previously classified in Longiphallus, Hiramia and related subgenera resulted in a new delimitation of these taxa and the recognition of Anatoloxychilus Neiber, Walther & Hausdorf n. subgen. as an additional clade. Based on phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, O. reticulatus from Mingrelia is revalidated and the populations from the Pontic Mountains previously identified with O. mingrelicus koutaisanus are recognised as a distinct species. Three species pairs of the Longiphallus–Hiramia group with deep splits predating the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene show disjunctions between the Caucasus/Pontic region and the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa with such a distribution pattern probably had more continuous distributions before the aridification started. The relationships between the Hiramia species from the Caucasus, the Pontic Mountains and the East Mediterranean highlight the importance of the Anatolian land as a source area for the colonisation of the Caucasus region. The dating of the divergences of the Caucasian Hiramia species in the middle to late Miocene indicated that they colonised the Caucasus when it was still an island in the Paratethys Sea and that their divergence was triggered by the orogenesis of the Greater Caucasus. A common pattern within the Caucasus region, also found in Hiramia, is the separation of taxa in the north-western Greater Caucasus from taxa inhabiting the southern slopes of the central Greater Caucasus.

中文翻译：

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安纳托利亚在高加索生物多样性热点起源中的作用，由 Oxychilus 属的蜗牛说明

分布在高加索和/或邻近的庞蒂克山脉的几个分类群在东地中海地区也有代表。这些分离可能是由于长距离扩散造成的，也可能是上新世安纳托利亚高原干旱化导致安纳托利亚中部灭绝的结果。我们研究了Oxychilus 的Longiphallus -Hiramia组作为显示这种分布模式的例子。对以前分类为​​Longiphallus、Hiramia和相关亚属的Oxychilus物种的系统发育分析导致这些分类群的新划界和对Anatoloxychilus的识别Neiber, Walther & Hausdorf n. 亚根。作为一个额外的进化枝。基于系统发育和种群遗传分析，O。 来自 Mingrelia 的reticulatus被重新验证，并且之前与O. mingrelicus koutaisanus鉴定的来自 Pontic 山脉的种群被认为是一个独特的物种。Longiphallus-Hiramia群中的三对物种在上新世安纳托利亚高原干旱化之前有很深的分裂，表明高加索/本都地区与地中海之间存在分离。具有这种分布模式的大多数分类群在干旱化开始之前可能具有更连续的分布。Hiramia之间的关系来自高加索、庞蒂克山脉和东地中海的物种突出了安纳托利亚土地作为高加索地区殖民源区的重要性。高加索Hiramia物种在中新世中晚期的分歧年代表明，它们在高加索地区仍然是帕拉提斯海的一个岛屿时殖民，并且它们的分歧是由大高加索地区的造山运动引发的。高加索地区的一个常见模式，也发现于希拉米亚，是大高加索西北部的分类群与居住在大高加索中部南坡的分类群分离。