An immense amount of work has investigated how adverse situations affect anxiety using chronic (i.e., average) or episodic conceptualizations. However, less attention has been paid to circumstances that unfold continuously over time, inhibiting theoretical testing and leading to possible erroneous conclusions about how stressors are dynamically appraised across time. Because stressor novelty, predictability, and patterns are central components of appraisal theories, we use the COVID-19 crisis as a context to illustrate how variation in the phenomenon's patterns of change (specifically, total cases [average level] but also the rate of linear [velocity] and nonlinear growth [acceleration] in cases) influence anxiety. We also show the implications of anxiety for next-day functioning at work. These effects are tested in data drawn from a sample of employed adults in a daily diary study conducted in four overlapping waves. The data span the emergence, exponential rise, and initial tapering of the virus in the United States (February 10, 2020 to April 28, 2020). Our results show that although the impact of level of COVID-19 cases on anxiety decreases over time, the effect of change in cases (velocity and acceleration) increases over time. Anxiety is then associated with next-day work functioning (engagement, performance, and emotional exhaustion). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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对正在发生的 COVID-19 危机的焦虑反应：长期暴露于压力源的经历的变化模式。

大量工作使用长期（即平均）或情节概念化来研究不利情况如何影响焦虑。然而，人们对随时间不断变化的情况给予的关注较少，这阻碍了理论测试，并导致关于压力源如何随时间动态评估的可能错误结论。由于压力源的新颖性、可预测性和模式是评估理论的核心组成部分，我们使用 COVID-19 危机作为背景来说明现象变化模式的变化（特别是总病例数 [平均水平] 以及线性变化率） [速度] 和非线性增长 [加速度] 在案例中）影响焦虑。我们还展示了焦虑对第二天工作的影响。在从四个重叠波次中进行的每日日记研究中抽取的受雇成年人样本数据中测试了这些影响。这些数据涵盖了该病毒在美国的出现、指数上升和最初逐渐减少（2020 年 2 月 10 日至 2020 年 4 月 28 日）。我们的结果表明，尽管 COVID-19 病例水平对焦虑的影响随着时间的推移而降低，但病例变化（速度和加速度）的影响会随着时间的推移而增加。然后，焦虑与第二天的工作功能（敬业度、绩效和情绪衰竭）相关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。我们的结果表明，尽管 COVID-19 病例水平对焦虑的影响随着时间的推移而降低，但病例变化（速度和加速度）的影响会随着时间的推移而增加。然后，焦虑与第二天的工作功能（敬业度、绩效和情绪衰竭）相关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。我们的结果表明，尽管 COVID-19 病例水平对焦虑的影响随着时间的推移而降低，但病例变化（速度和加速度）的影响会随着时间的推移而增加。然后，焦虑与第二天的工作功能（敬业度、绩效和情绪衰竭）相关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。