Given the frequent overlap between biological plant invasion and ecological restoration efforts it is important to investigate their interactions to sustain desirable plant communities and modify long-term legacies both above- and below-ground. To address this relationship, we used natural reference, invaded and created vernal pools in the Central Valley of California to examine potential changes in direct and indirect plant effects on soils associated with biological invasion and active restoration ecosystem disturbances. Our results showed that through a shift in vegetation composition and changes in the plant community tissue chemistry, invasion by non-native plant species has the potential to transform plant inputs to soils in vernal pool systems. In particular, we found that while invasive plant litter decomposition was driven by seasonal and interannual variability, associated with changes in precipitation, the overall decomposition rates for invasive litter was drastically lower than native species. This shift has important implications for long-term alterations in plant-based inputs to soils in an amplifying feedback to nutrient cycling. Moreover, these results were independent of historic active restoration efforts. Despite the consistent shift in plant litter decomposition rates and community composition, we did not detect associated shifts in below-ground function associated with invasion by non-native plants. Instead, soil C:N ratios and microbial biomass did not differ between invaded and naturally occurring reference pools but were reduced in the manipulated created pools independent of invasion levels. Our results suggest that while there is an observed invasive amplifying feedback above-ground this trajectory is not represented below-ground, and restoration legacies dominated 10 years after practices were applied. Restoration practices that limit invasive plant feedbacks and account for soil legacy recovery, therefore offer the best solution for disturbed ephemeral ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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非本地植物地上入侵进入恢复的春季水池的后果不会促使地下过程发生相同的变化

鉴于生物植物入侵和生态恢复工作之间的频繁重叠，重要的是调查它们的相互作用以维持理想的植物群落并修改地上和地下的长期遗产。为了解决这种关系，我们使用自然参考，在加利福尼亚中央山谷入侵并创建了春季水池，以检查与生物入侵和主动恢复生态系统干扰相关的植物对土壤的直接和间接影响的潜在变化。我们的研究结果表明，通过植被组成的变化和植物群落组织化学的变化，非本地植物物种的入侵有可能将植物输入转化为春季水池系统中的土壤。特别是，我们发现，虽然入侵植物凋落物分解是由季节性和年际变化驱动的，与降水变化有关，但入侵植物凋落物的整体分解率远低于本地物种。这种转变对长期改变以植物为基础的土壤投入具有重要意义，从而放大了对养分循环的反馈。此外，这些结果独立于历史性的积极恢复努力。尽管植物凋落物分解率和群落组成发生了一致的变化，但我们没有检测到与非本地植物入侵相关的地下功能的相关变化。相反，土壤 C：N 比率和微生物生物量在入侵和自然发生的参考池之间没有差异，但在操纵创建的池中减少，与入侵水平无关。我们的研究结果表明，虽然在地面上有观察到的侵入性放大反馈，但该轨迹并未在地下表示，并且在应用实践 10 年后，恢复遗产占主导地位。因此，限制入侵植物反馈并考虑土壤遗产恢复的恢复实践为受干扰的短暂生态系统提供了最佳解决方案。