A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to explore the earth pressures mobilised in loose and dense sand for a complete set of active movement modes of a rigid retaining wall: rotation about the base, translation and rotation about the top. Earth pressures behind the wall were measured by a Tekscan pressure mapping system. This paper reveals that earth pressures at all depths decrease simultaneously with active wall rotation about the base, while those in shallow layers can increase with active wall translation and rotation about the top. A linkage between earth pressures and shear strains was built as a simplified constitutive law, together with deformation mechanisms, allowing designers to predict flexible wall deflections during construction as well as ultimate collapse.

中文翻译：

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通过主动刚性挡土墙运动在干沙中调动的土压力

进行了一系列离心机试验，以探索在松散和密实的沙子中移动的土压力，以形成一套完整的刚性挡土墙主动运动模式：绕基部旋转、平移和绕顶部旋转。墙后的土压力由 Tekscan 压力测绘系统测量。本文揭示了所有深度的土压力随着主动墙围绕底部的旋转而同时降低，而浅层的土压力会随着主动墙的平移和围绕顶部的旋转而增加。土压力和剪应变之间的联系被构建为简化的本构法则，连同变形机制，使设计师能够预测施工期间的柔性墙体挠度以及最终倒塌。