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An extensive survey on the Internet of Drones
Ad Hoc Networks ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 , DOI: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102600
Pietro Boccadoro 1 , Domenico Striccoli 1, 2 , Luigi Alfredo Grieco 1, 2
Affiliation  

The Internet of Drones (IoD) recently gained momentum due to its high adaptability to a wide variety of complex scenarios. Indeed, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can successfully be employed in different applications, such as agriculture, search and rescue missions, surveillance systems, mission-critical services, among others, thanks to some technological and practical advantages: high mobility, capability to extend wireless coverage areas, or ability to reach places inaccessible to humans. Moreover, the employment of drones promisingly improves the performance parameters of different network architectures, e.g., reliability, connectivity, throughput, and delay. Nevertheless, the adoption of networks of drones gives rise to several issues related to the intrinsic unreliability of the wireless medium, the duration of batteries, and the high mobility degree, which may cause frequent topology changes. Also security and privacy issues need to be properly investigated. This explains the very large number of works produced in the recent literature on IoD-related topics. With respect to other surveys on IoD-related topics, the goal of the present work is to categorize the multifaceted aspects of IoD, proposing a classification approach of the IoD environment that develops along two main directions. The IoD is initially introduced according to the possible applications and reference operating scenarios. On top of that, this work discussed with its applicability with a dedicated focus on the economical/social implications that the adoption of drones at scale may have. At a macroscopic level, it follows the structure of the Internet protocol stack, starting from the physical layer and extending to the upper layers, without neglecting cross-layer and optimization approaches. At a finer level, all the most relevant works belonging to each layer of the stack are further classified, according to the different issues that propose a peculiar challenges for each layer, and highlighting the most relevant differences with the other surveys present in literature. To provide a deeper insight, the present work embraces many facets of the IoD, with a thorough examination of privacy and security considerations. Finally, a discussion on the main research challenges and possible future directions is carried out, focusing on both open issues and the most promising technologies that deserve to be further developed in the IoD field.



中文翻译:

对无人机互联网的广泛调查

由于其对各种复杂场景的高度适应性,无人机互联网 (IoD) 最近获得了发展。事实上,无人驾驶飞行器 (UAV) 可以成功地用于不同的应用,例如农业、搜救任务、监视系统、关键任务服务等,这要归功于一些技术和实践优势:高机动性、扩展能力无线覆盖区域,或到达人类无法到达的地方的能力。此外,无人机的使用有望改善不同网络架构的性能参数,例如可靠性、连接性、吞吐量和延迟。然而,无人机网络的采用引起了一些与无线媒体固有的不可靠性、电池的持续时间、以及高移动度,可能会导致频繁的拓扑变化。还需要适当调查安全和隐私问题。这解释了最近关于 IoD 相关主题的文献中产生的大量作品。关于 IoD 相关主题的其他调查,目前工作的目标是对 IoD 的多方面进行分类,提出沿两个主要方向发展的 IoD 环境分类方法。IoD 最初是根据可能的应用和参考操作场景引入的。最重要的是,这项工作讨论了其适用性,重点关注大规模采用无人机可能产生的经济/社会影响。在宏观层面,它遵循互联网协议栈的结构,从物理层开始,向上层延伸,没有忽略跨层和优化方法。在更精细的层面上,根据对每一层提出特殊挑战的不同问题,对属于堆栈每一层的所有最相关的作品进行进一步分类,并突出与文献中存在的其他调查最相关的差异。为了提供更深入的见解,目前的工作涵盖了 IoD 的许多方面,并对隐私和安全考虑进行了彻底检查。最后,对主要研究挑战和未来可能的方向进行了讨论,重点讨论了未解决的问题和最值得在 IoD 领域进一步发展的技术。在不忽略跨层和优化方法的情况下。在更精细的层面上,根据对每一层提出特殊挑战的不同问题,对属于堆栈每一层的所有最相关的作品进行进一步分类,并突出与文献中存在的其他调查最相关的差异。为了提供更深入的见解,目前的工作涵盖了 IoD 的许多方面,并对隐私和安全考虑进行了彻底检查。最后,对主要研究挑战和未来可能的方向进行了讨论,重点讨论了未解决的问题和最值得在 IoD 领域进一步发展的技术。在不忽略跨层和优化方法的情况下。在更精细的层面上,根据对每一层提出特殊挑战的不同问题,对属于堆栈每一层的所有最相关的作品进行进一步分类,并突出与文献中存在的其他调查最相关的差异。为了提供更深入的见解,目前的工作涵盖了 IoD 的许多方面,并对隐私和安全考虑进行了彻底检查。最后,对主要研究挑战和未来可能的方向进行了讨论,重点讨论了未解决的问题和最值得在 IoD 领域进一步发展的技术。根据对每一层提出特殊挑战的不同问题,并突出与文献中存在的其他调查最相关的差异。为了提供更深入的见解,目前的工作涵盖了 IoD 的许多方面,并对隐私和安全考虑进行了彻底检查。最后,对主要研究挑战和未来可能的方向进行了讨论,重点讨论了未解决的问题和最值得在 IoD 领域进一步发展的技术。根据对每一层提出特殊挑战的不同问题,并突出与文献中存在的其他调查最相关的差异。为了提供更深入的见解,目前的工作涵盖了 IoD 的许多方面,并对隐私和安全考虑进行了彻底检查。最后,对主要研究挑战和未来可能的方向进行了讨论,重点讨论了未解决的问题和最值得在 IoD 领域进一步发展的技术。

更新日期:2021-07-22
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