ABSTRACT

Recent geographical scholarship has shown that the persecution and extermination of European Jews during the Holocaust was associated with profound spatial transformations at every scale, from the body to the continent. Yet, the embodied spatial experience of Jews throughout persecution and the way it affected their subjectivity, particularly as they kept living and surviving in the ordinary city, has been understudied. In this paper, we draw on the diaries of six Parisian Jews written during the Holocaust to explore the process of subject formation, or subjectivation, as antisemitic measures transform their daily life and experience of public space in the city. We focus in particular on two techniques of control that sought to produce particular kinds of subjects by working on the relationship between bodies and their surrounding milieus: signage and body writing. Relying on understandings of subjectivation as contested, contingent, and multiple we show that, first, ‘ideal’ subject formation relied on techniques involving both bodily inscription and differentiation as well as the resignification of urban space; and second, that such efforts were resisted and taken up only partially by both Jewish and non-Jewish Parisians, resulting in incomplete and contested attempts at subjection.

摘要

最近的地理学研究表明，大屠杀期间对欧洲犹太人的迫害和灭绝与从身体到大陆的各个尺度的深刻空间转变有关。然而，犹太人在整个迫害过程中的具身空间体验及其影响他们主观性的方式，尤其是当他们在普通城市中继续生活和生存时，一直没有得到充分研究。在本文中，我们利用大屠杀期间六名巴黎犹太人的日记来探索主体形成或主体化的过程，因为反犹太主义措施改变了他们的日常生活和城市公共空间的体验。我们特别关注两种控制技术，它们试图通过处理身体与其周围环境之间的关系来产生特定类型的主体：标牌和正文。基于将主体化理解为有争议的、偶然的和多重的，我们表明，首先，“理想”主体的形成依赖于涉及身体铭刻和分化以及城市空间重新化的技术；其次，这种努力遭到了犹太人和非犹太人巴黎人的部分抵制和采取，导致了不完整和有争议的屈服尝试。