Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries promise high energy density for next-generation energy storage systems, yet many challenges remain. Li-S batteries follow a conversion chemistry, which radically differs from intercalation-based lithium-ion batteries. Recently, it has become clear that the chemistry of electrolyte solutions and their ability to stabilize polysulfide Li₂S_x species formed by sulfur reduction have a critical effect on energy density and cycling performance. This review evaluates the key role of solution properties and polysulfide solvation. Factors that determine the solvation are discussed, including the solvent, salt, concentration, and interaction with Li-polysulfide species. Three fundamental types of electrolyte solution—moderately (conventional), sparingly, and highly solvating—are presented along with a multi-dimensional analysis of solution chemistry, polysulfide solubility, sulfur reaction pathway, Li₂S deposition, and solution quantity. The stability of lithium metal anodes with these solutions is discussed with respect to side reactions, protective surface film formation, and dendritic Li deposition. Emphasis is placed on options to reduce the electrolyte solution/sulfur ratio and prolong battery cycle life. The advantages and disadvantages of the three systems are compared in accordance with the multifaceted requirements. In conclusion, we offer our perspective for future development of Li-S batteries.

锂硫 (Li-S) 电池有望为下一代储能系统提供高能量密度，但仍然存在许多挑战。Li-S 电池遵循转化化学，这与基于嵌入的锂离子电池完全不同。最近，很明显电解质溶液的化学性质及其稳定多硫化物 Li ₂ S _{x 的能力}硫还原形成的物质对能量密度和循环性能具有关键影响。本综述评估了溶液特性和多硫化物溶剂化的关键作用。讨论了决定溶剂化的因素，包括溶剂、盐、浓度以及与锂多硫化物的相互作用。介绍了三种基本类型的电解质溶液——中等（常规）、少量和高度溶剂化——以及溶液化学、多硫化物溶解度、硫反应途径、Li ₂的多维分析S沉积和溶液量。从副反应、保护性表面膜的形成和枝晶锂沉积方面讨论了锂金属负极与这些溶液的稳定性。重点放在降低电解质溶液/硫比率和延长电池循环寿命的选项上。根据多方面的需求，比较了三种系统的优缺点。总之，我们提供了我们对 Li-S 电池未来发展的看法。