Therapies based on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab, have proven effective in the treatment of metastatic urological neoplasms. Recently, it has been hypothesized that the use of this type of treatment prior to surgery could lead to an increased difficulty in renal and bladder surgeries. The literature concerning this topic, however, is still scarce and non-consensual. In our systematic review, we used the PRISMA guidelines methodology to search the pertinent literature available up to June 18, 2020 in PubMed. Additionally, we searched the related grey literature in the abstracts of the meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary (ASCO-GU), European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), and American Urological Association (AUA) from 2015 to 2020. We were able to find only 16 publications that addressed the use of ICIs prior to surgery in kidney and bladder neoplasms. The results were conflicting, and usually the issue of surgical difficulties after the use of ICIs was not directly approached. We hope that our publication may raise the awareness towards the need to further investigate the effects of neoadjuvant ICIs on surgical outcomes in urologic cancers.

基于使用免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICI) 的疗法，例如 nivolumab、pembrolizumab、ipilimumab、atezolizumab、avelumab 和 durvalumab，已被证明可有效治疗转移性泌尿系统肿瘤。最近，有人假设在手术前使用这种类型的治疗可能会增加肾脏和膀胱手术的难度。然而，关于这个主题的文献仍然稀缺且未经同意。在我们的系统评价中，我们使用 PRISMA 指南方法来搜索截至 2020 年 6 月 18 日在 PubMed 中可用的相关文献。此外，我们还检索了美国临床肿瘤学会（ASCO）、美国临床肿瘤泌尿生殖学会（ASCO-GU）会议摘要中的相关灰色文献，从 2015 年到 2020 年，欧洲医学肿瘤学会 (ESMO) 和美国泌尿外科协会 (AUA)。我们只能找到 16 篇关于在肾脏和膀胱肿瘤手术前使用 ICI 的出版物。结果是相互矛盾的，通常没有直接解决使用 ICI 后手术困难的问题。我们希望我们的出版物可以提高人们对进一步研究新辅助 ICI 对泌尿系统癌症手术结果影响的认识。