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Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review
npj Clean Water ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 , DOI: 10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0
Naef A. A. Qasem 1, 2 , Dahiru U. Lawal 2 , Ramy H. Mohammed 3
Affiliation  

Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is of prime importance for a clean environment and human health. Different reported methods were devoted to heavy metal ions removal from various wastewater sources. These methods could be classified into adsorption-, membrane-, chemical-, electric-, and photocatalytic-based treatments. This paper comprehensively and critically reviews and discusses these methods in terms of used agents/adsorbents, removal efficiency, operating conditions, and the pros and cons of each method. Besides, the key findings of the previous studies reported in the literature are summarized. Generally, it is noticed that most of the recent studies have focused on adsorption techniques. The major obstacles of the adsorption methods are the ability to remove different ion types concurrently, high retention time, and cycling stability of adsorbents. Even though the chemical and membrane methods are practical, the large-volume sludge formation and post-treatment requirements are vital issues that need to be solved for chemical techniques. Fouling and scaling inhibition could lead to further improvement in membrane separation. However, pre-treatment and periodic cleaning of membranes incur additional costs. Electrical-based methods were also reported to be efficient; however, industrial-scale separation is needed in addition to tackling the issue of large-volume sludge formation. Electric- and photocatalytic-based methods are still less mature. More attention should be drawn to using real wastewaters rather than synthetic ones when investigating heavy metals removal. Future research studies should focus on eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable materials and methods.



中文翻译:

从废水中去除重金属离子:全面而严格的审查

从废水中去除重金属离子对于清洁环境和人类健康至关重要。不同的报道方法致力于从各种废水源中去除重金属离子。这些方法可分为基于吸附、膜、化学、电和光催化的处理。本文从所使用的药剂/吸附剂、去除效率、操作条件以及每种方法的优缺点等方面对这些方法进行了全面和批判性的审查和讨论。此外,总结了文献中报道的先前研究的主要发现。通常,注意到最近的大多数研究都集中在吸附技术上。吸附方法的主要障碍是同时去除不同类型离子的能力、保留时间长、和吸附剂的循环稳定性。尽管化学和膜方法是实用的,但大体积污泥的形成和后处理要求是化学技术需要解决的重要问题。污垢和结垢抑制可导致膜分离的进一步改进。然而,膜的预处理和定期清洁会产生额外的成本。据报道,基于电的方法也很有效;然而,除了解决大量污泥形成的问题外,还需要工业规模的分离。基于电和光催化的方法仍然不太成熟。在研究去除重金属时,应更多地注意使用真实废水而不是合成废水。未来的研究应侧重于生态友好、成本效益高、

更新日期:2021-07-08
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