Quantum computing can be realized with numerous different hardware platforms and computational protocols. A highly promising, and potentially scalable, idea is to combine a photonic platform with measurement-induced quantum information processing. In this approach, gate operations can be implemented through optical measurements on a multipartite entangled quantum state—a so-called cluster state. Previously, a few quantum gates on non-universal or non-scalable cluster states have been performed, but a full set of gates for universal scalable quantum computing has not been realized. Here we propose and demonstrate the deterministic implementation of a multi-mode set of measurement-induced quantum gates in a large two-dimensional optical cluster state using phase-controlled continuous-variable quadrature measurements. Each gate is programmed into the phases of high-efficiency quadrature measurements, which execute the transformations by teleportation through the cluster state. We further execute a small quantum circuit consisting of 10 single-mode gates and 2 two-mode gates on a three-mode input state. Fault-tolerant universal quantum computing is possible with this platform if the cluster-state entanglement is improved and a supply of states with Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill encoding is available.

量子计算可以通过许多不同的硬件平台和计算协议来实现。一个非常有前途且具有潜在可扩展性的想法是将光子平台与测量诱导的量子信息处理相结合。在这种方法中，门操作可以通过对多方纠缠量子态（即所谓的簇态）的光学测量来实现。此前，已经对非通用或不可扩展簇状态进行了一些量子门，但尚未实现通用可扩展量子计算的全套门。在这里，我们提出并演示了使用相位控制的连续变量正交测量在大型二维光学簇状态下的多模测量诱导量子门的确定性实现。每个门都被编程到高效正交测量的阶段，这些阶段通过集群状态的隐形传输来执行转换。我们进一步在三模输入状态下执行一个由 10 个单模门和 2 个双模门组成的小型量子电路。如果集群状态纠缠得到改善并且具有 Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill 编码的状态供应可用，则可以使用该平台进行容错通用量子计算。