The ancient interaction between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and their pollinating fig wasps is an unusual example of a mutualism between plants and gall-inducing insects. This review intends to offer fresh perspectives into the relationship between figs and the diversity of gall-inducing sycophiles which inhabit their enclosed globular inflorescences that function as microcosms. Besides gall-inducing pollinators, fig inflorescences are also inhabited by other gall-inducing wasps. This review evaluates the state of current knowledge on gall-induction by fig wasps and exposes the many lacunae in this area. This review makes connections between fig and gall-inducing wasp traits, and suggests relatively unexplored research avenues. This manuscript calls for an integrated approach that incorporates such diverse fields as life-history theory, plant mate choice, wasp sexual selection and local mate competition, plant embryology as well as seed and fruit dispersal. It calls for collaboration between researchers such as plant developmental biologists, insect physiologists, chemical ecologists and sensory biologists to jointly solve the many valuable questions that can be addressed in community ecology, co-evolution and species interaction biology using the fig inflorescence microcosm, that is inhabited by gall-inducing mutualistic and parasitic wasps, as a model system.

中文翻译：

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无花果和诱导胆汁的无花果黄蜂之间的相互作用：适应、限制和未解决的问题

无花果（榕属、桑科）与其授粉的无花果黄蜂之间的古老相互作用是植物和诱导瘿的昆虫之间共生关系的一个不寻常的例子。这篇综述旨在为无花果与栖息于其封闭球状花序中的、可作为缩影发挥作用的胆汁菌多样性之间的关系提供新的视角。除了诱导瘿的传粉者外，无花果花序也栖息着其他诱导瘿的黄蜂。这篇综述评估了目前关于无花果黄蜂诱导胆囊的知识状态，并揭示了该领域的许多空白。这篇综述将无花果和诱导瘿的黄蜂特征联系起来，并提出了相对未探索的研究途径。这份手稿需要一种综合方法，将生命史理论、植物交配选择、黄蜂性选择和本地交配竞争、植物胚胎学以及种子和果实的传播。它呼吁植物发育生物学家、昆虫生理学家、化学生态学家和感官生物学家等研究人员合作，共同解决利用无花果花序缩影在群落生态学、共同进化和物种相互作用生物学中可以解决的许多有价值的问题，即作为模型系统，居住着胆汁诱导的互惠和寄生黄蜂。