As long-lived parasites, helminths depend upon immunomodulation of their hosts for survival. The release of excretory-secretory (ES) products, including proteins, lipids and RNAs is how successful host manipulation is achieved. It has recently been discovered that the ES products of helminths contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), with every species investigated found to secrete these lipid-bound structures. EVs are perfect for packaging and delivering immune modulators to target cell types. This review outlines the research carried out on helminth EVs and their constituents thus far, as well as their interaction with components of the mammalian immune system. We discuss how targeting EVs will aid treatment of helminth infection and consider how EVs and their immunomodulatory cargo could be used as therapeutics as we progress through this exciting era.

作为长寿的寄生虫，蠕虫的生存依赖于宿主的免疫调节。排泄分泌 (ES) 产品（包括蛋白质、脂质和 RNA）的释放是成功实现宿主操纵的方式。最近发现，蠕虫的 ES 产物含有细胞外囊泡 (EV)，所研究的每个物种都分泌这些脂质结合结构。EV 非常适合包装和向目标细胞类型输送免疫调节剂。这篇综述概述了迄今为止对蠕虫电动汽车及其成分进行的研究，以及它们与哺乳动物免疫系统成分的相互作用。我们讨论了靶向 EV 将如何帮助治疗蠕虫感染，并考虑随着我们在这个激动人心的时代的进展，如何将 EV 及其免疫调节货物用作治疗药物。