Proton acceleration can be induced by non-equilibrium plasma developed by high-intensity laser pulses, at 10¹⁶ W/cm², irradiating different types of thin polyethylene targets. The process of proton acceleration and directive yield emission was investigated, optimizing the laser parameters, the irradiation conditions, and the target properties. The use of 600 J pulse energy, a laser focalization inducing self-focusing effects and advanced targets with embedded nanoparticles and optimal thicknesses, has permitted to accelerate forward protons up to the energies of about 6 MeV and amount of the order of 10¹⁵ H⁺/pulse. High proton energy is obtained using thin foils enriched with gold nanoparticles, whereas high proton yield is obtained using targets with a thickness of about 10 μm. The plasma diagnostics using SiC semiconductor detectors in time-of-flight configuration was fundamental to monitor the optimal conditions to improve the plasma processes concerning the ion acceleration and the X-ray and relativistic electron emission.

中文翻译：

---

使用先进的薄聚乙烯靶材由高强度激光产生的等离子体加速 6 MeV 质子

质子加速可以由高强度激光脉冲产生的非平衡等离子体引起，10 ¹⁶  W/cm ²照射不同类型的聚乙烯薄靶。研究了质子加速和定向产率发射的过程，优化了激光参数、辐照条件和靶材特性。使用 600 J 脉冲能量、激光聚焦诱导自聚焦效应和具有嵌入纳米颗粒和最佳厚度的先进目标，已允许将前向质子加速至约 6 MeV 的能量和数量级的 10 ¹⁵ H ⁺/脉冲。使用富含金纳米粒子的薄箔可以获得高质子能量，而使用厚度约为 10 μm 的靶可以获得高质子产率。在飞行时间配置中使用 SiC 半导体探测器进行等离子体诊断是监测最佳条件的基础，以改善有关离子加速和 X 射线和相对论电子发射的等离子体过程。