This article reviews the evolution of microneurosurgical anatomy (MNA) with special reference to the development of anatomy, surgical anatomy, and microsurgery. Anatomy can be said to have started in the ancient Greek era with the work of Hippocrates, Galen, and others as part of the pursuit of natural science. In the sixteenth century, Vesalius made a great contribution in reviving Galenian knowledge while adding new knowledge of human anatomy. Also in the sixteenth century, Ambroise Paré can be said to have started modern surgery. As surgery developed, more detailed anatomical knowledge became necessary for treating complicated diseases. Many noted surgeons at the time were also anatomists eager to spread anatomical knowledge in order to enhance surgical practice. Thus, surgery and anatomy developed together, with advances in each benefiting the other. The concept of surgical anatomy evolved in the eighteenth century and became especially popular in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, microsurgery was introduced in various surgical fields, starting with Carl O. Nylen in otology. It flourished and became popularized in the second half of the century, especially in the field of neurosurgery, following Jacobson and Suarez’s success in microvascular anastomosis in animals and subsequent clinical application as developed by M.G. Yasargil and others. Knowledge of surgical anatomy as seen under the operating microscope became important for surgeons to perform microneurosurgical procedures accurately and safely, which led to the fuller development of MNA as conducted by many neurosurgeons, among whom A.L. Rhoton, Jr. might be mentioned as representative.

本文回顾了显微神经外科解剖学 (MNA) 的演变，特别提到了解剖学、外科解剖学和显微外科手术的发展。可以说，解剖学起源于古希腊时代，希波克拉底、盖伦等人作为追求自然科学的一部分的工作。16世纪，维萨留斯在复兴盖伦知识的同时又增添了人体解剖学的新知识，做出了巨大贡献。同样在十六世纪，安布罗瓦斯·帕雷可以说开始了现代手术。随着外科手术的发展，更详细的解剖知识对于治疗复杂疾病变得必要。当时许多著名的外科医生也是解剖学家，他们渴望传播解剖学知识以加强手术实践。因此，外科和解剖学共同发展，双方的进步使对方受益。外科解剖学的概念在 18 世纪发展起来，在 19 世纪变得特别流行。在 20 世纪，显微外科被引入到各个外科领域，从耳科的 Carl O. Nylen 开始。它在本世纪下半叶蓬勃发展并得到普及，特别是在神经外科领域，继 Jacobson 和 Suarez 在动物微血管吻合方面取得成功，并随后由 MG Yasargil 等人开发的临床应用。在手术显微镜下观察到的外科解剖知识对于外科医生准确、安全地进行显微神经外科手术非常重要，这导致了许多神经外科医生对 MNA 的更全面发展，其中包括 AL Rhoton, Jr.