Noise overexposure leads to hair cell loss, synaptic ribbon reduction, and auditory nerve deterioration, resulting in transient or permanent hearing loss depending on the exposure severity. Oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, glutamate excitotoxicity, and energy metabolism disturbance are the main contributors to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) up to now. Gene variations are also identified as NIHL related. Glucocorticoid is the only approved medication for NIHL treatment. New pharmaceuticals targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, or noise-induced neuropathy are emerging, highlighted by the nanoparticle-based drug delivery system. Given the complexity of the pathogenesis behind NIHL, deeper and more comprehensive studies still need to be fulfilled.

中文翻译：

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噪声性听力损失：分子靶点和潜在干预措施的最新进展

噪声过度暴露会导致毛细胞损失、突触带减少和听觉神经退化，根据暴露严重程度导致短暂或永久性听力损失。到目前为止，氧化应激、炎症、钙超载、谷氨酸兴奋性毒性和能量代谢紊乱是噪声性听力损失 (NIHL) 的主要原因。基因变异也被确定为与 NIHL 相关。糖皮质激素是唯一获批用于 NIHL 治疗的药物。针对氧化应激、炎症或噪音引起的神经病变的新药物正在出现，基于纳米颗粒的药物输送系统突出了这一点。鉴于 NIHL 背后发病机制的复杂性，仍然需要进行更深入、更全面的研究。