Gentisic acid (GA) is a benzoic acid derivative that is present in various food ingredients. GA is also studied that it shows diverse pharmaceutical activities, such as anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activity. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects of GA on macrophages and adipocytes, respectively, and the effect of GA on obesity-related chronic inflammation using a co-culture system. We found that GA effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses by controlling the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating inflammation-related protein pathways. Additionally, GA treatment inhibited the lipid accumulation in adipocytes by modulating the expression of major adipogenic transcription factors and their upstream protein pathways. Furthermore, in the macrophage-adipocyte co-culture system, GA decreased the production of obesity-related cytokines production. These results indicate that GA shows effective anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic activities and may be used to develop treatment for the management of obesity-related chronic inflammatory diseases.

中文翻译：

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在 RAW 264.7 和 3T3-L1 细胞系中通过龙胆酸的作用调节炎症通路和脂肪生成。

龙胆酸 (GA) 是一种苯甲酸衍生物，存在于各种食品成分中。还研究了 GA，它显示出多种药物活性，例如抗癌、抗氧化和保肝活性。在这项研究中，我们分别研究了 GA 对巨噬细胞和脂肪细胞的抗炎和抗脂肪形成作用的机制，以及 GA 使用共培养系统对肥胖相关慢性炎症的影响。我们发现 GA 通过控制一氧化氮和促炎细胞因子的产生以及调节炎症相关蛋白通路有效抑制脂多糖刺激的炎症反应。此外，GA 处理通过调节主要脂肪生成转录因子及其上游蛋白通路的表达来抑制脂肪细胞中的脂质积累。此外，在巨噬细胞-脂肪细胞共培养系统中，GA 减少了肥胖相关细胞因子的产生。这些结果表明 GA 显示出有效的抗炎和抗脂肪形成活性，可用于开发治疗肥胖相关慢性炎症性疾病的方法。