As I draft this essay, a global pandemic fundamentally alters everyday life. Each day brings closures of brick-and-mortar archives, libraries, classrooms, and campuses; these and cancelations of in-person conferences and freezes on hiring have disrupted, narrowed, and foreclosed practices of historians. In the wider context of the United States, members of society experience in various ways the stress of reduced access to essential services and treasured amenities. In both corporate and social media, people weigh the benefits of access and of a return to work against the risk of loss of life. The impact of COVID and the varied responses to this pandemic have brought into stark relief a truth that disabled, mad, and chronically ill people, and especially BIPOC and LGBTQ members of these overlapping communities, have long known: access is political. As two recent books on Universal Design and disability illustrate, access also is contingent, contextual, and shifting. In other words, it’s historical. Uneven and inadequate access—to health care, transportation, shelter, and other sustaining resources—fuels an extensive lived history of inequality and oppression within and across U.S. borders. In each of their works on the history and politics of designing and disability, scholars Aimi Hamraie and Bess Williamson render legible the ways that access embodies dynamic and fluctuating ideas about users, citizenship, productivity, independence, authority, and knowledge itself. Using examples from architectural and product design, these historians illustrate how the twin hammers of ableism and neoliberalism have shaped the contours of access and the material realities of disabled people and those in close relations with them, as well as nondisabled people.

中文翻译：

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作为实践的访问：残疾、无障碍设计和历史

在我起草这篇文章时，一场全球流行病从根本上改变了日常生活。每天都有实体档案馆、图书馆、教室和校园关闭；这些以及面对面会议的取消和招聘的冻结已经扰乱、缩小了历史学家的实践范围，并使其被排除在外。在更广泛的美国背景下，社会成员以各种方式体验着获得基本服务和宝贵设施的机会减少的压力。在企业和社交媒体中，人们会权衡访问和重返工作岗位的好处与失去生命的风险。COVID 的影响以及对这种大流行的各种反应使残疾人、疯子和慢性病患者，尤其是这些重叠社区的 BIPOC 和 LGBTQ 成员早就知道的一个真相大白于天下：获取是政治性的。正如最近两本关于通用设计和残疾的书所说明的那样，访问也是有条件的、上下文的和变化的。换句话说，它是历史性的。获得医疗保健、交通、住所和其他可持续资源的不均衡和不足助长了美国境内和跨境的不平等和压迫的广泛历史。学者艾米·哈姆雷 (Aimi Hamraie) 和贝丝·威廉姆森 (Bess Williamson) 在他们关于设计和残疾的历史和政治的每部作品中都清晰地阐明了访问方式体现了关于用户、公民、生产力、独立性、权威和知识本身的动态和波动的想法。使用建筑和产品设计的例子，