In 1945, as U.S. service members returned home from World War II, anthropologist William A. Caudill was concerned that a Black veteran would “often be considered first a Negro, second and incidentally a veteran.” The distinction was important, Caudill maintained, because it meant that, in a largely segregated and non-egalitarian society, African Americans who had served would face challenges accessing the benefits available via the newly passed GI Bill—home loans, financial aid for college, unemployment payments.1 Scholars have since proven Caudill right. They have shown that, during and after military service, people from marginalized groups historically faced exceptional challenges—challenges that undercut the notion that privileged martial citizenship was universally accessible. Race, gender, and sexuality shaped access to opportunities within the military hierarchy, and inequities encountered during and after service compelled former service members to participate in and become civil rights activists.2 In order to study complex relationships between the military and society, we must acknowledge that service members and veterans have multifaceted identities, and we must examine policies and social movements. Richard Gergel and Kellie Wilson-Buford remind us anew that there is an underexplored expanse that both shapes and illuminates connections between military and civilian worlds: the courts. Though vastly different in scope and focus, their books both highlight that conversations and directives in courtrooms—like policies and social movements—are influenced by individuals’ proclivities and larger social circumstances. The interpretation of doctrine is

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法庭案例：军事、社会和法律记录

1945 年，当美国军人从二战结束回国时，人类学家威廉 A.考迪尔担心黑人退伍军人“通常首先被认为是黑人，其次，顺便说一下也是退伍军人”。考迪尔坚持认为，这种区别很重要，因为这意味着，在一个基本上是种族隔离和非平等主义的社会中，服务过的非裔美国人将面临通过新通过的 GI 法案获得福利的挑战——住房贷款、大学经济援助、失业救济金。1 学者已经证明考迪尔是正确的。他们表明，在服兵役期间和服完兵役后，来自边缘化群体的人历来面临特殊挑战——这些挑战削弱了特权军事公民普遍可及的观念。种族、性别、和性行为塑造了军队等级内的机会，服役期间和服役后遇到的不平等迫使退役军人参与并成为民权活动家。 2 为了研究军队与社会之间的复杂关系，我们必须承认军人退伍军人有多重身份，我们必须审视政策和社会运动。理查德·格格尔 (Richard Gergel) 和凯莉·威尔逊-布福德 (Kellie Wilson-Buford) 再次提醒我们，有一块未被充分探索的领域，既塑造并阐明了军事和民用世界之间的联系：法院。尽管范围和侧重点大不相同，但他们的书都强调法庭上的对话和指令——比如政策和社会运动——会受到个人倾向和更大的社会环境的影响。