This study examines the processes of economic transition and the corresponding impact on the Niger-Delta communities. It argues that the region has witnessed several epochs of economic transition; all of which came with damning consequences. While the major focus of the study is the change from palm oil to crude oil (two oils), the study explores the curious linkage between economic transitions, contemporary poverty and environmental violence in the region (one evil). The integration of the region into the vortex of oil globalization has paradoxically and inversely increased the poverty amongst the rural poor. The study argues that while the ‘oily debacle’ yield endless violence against the indigenous population, issues of environmental governance exacerbates. This is evidenced in the government’s militarized mediation strategies that worsen the prospects of peace in the enclave. Typical of ‘resource curse’ philosophy, the wealth from crude oil that should improve the lot of the rural poor has directly shut them out of the expected benefits of oil extraction. The study investigates and avers that the unholy alliance between the State and global capital is a challenge and concludes that capitalist exploitation of the region on account of crude oil explains the contemporary dilemma of the indigenous population.

中文翻译：

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两种石油，一种邪恶：对尼日利亚石油三角洲社区土著人口当代困境的评估，1956-2019

本研究考察了经济转型的过程及其对尼日尔三角洲社区的相应影响。它认为该地区经历了几个经济转型时期；所有这些都带来了可怕的后果。虽然该研究的主要重点是从棕榈油到原油（两种油）的变化，但该研究探索了该地区经济转型、当代贫困和环境暴力（一种邪恶）之间的奇怪联系。该地区融入石油全球化的漩涡，反而反而增加了农村贫困人口的贫困程度。该研究认为，虽然“油性崩溃”对土著居民产生了无休止的暴力，但环境治理问题却加剧了。政府的军事化调解策略恶化了飞地的和平前景，证明了这一点。典型的“资源诅咒”哲学，来自原油的财富本应改善农村贫困人口的命运，却直接将他们排除在石油开采的预期收益之外。该研究调查并反对国家与全球资本之间的邪恶联盟是一项挑战，并得出结论认为，由于原油而对该地区进行的资本主义剥削解释了土著居民的当代困境。