During the past 15 years, researchers have shown a renewed interest in the study of the Plasmodium parasites that infect orangutans. Most recently, studies examined the phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of these parasites in orangutans using complete mitochondrial DNA genomes. Questions regarding the dating of these parasites, however, remain. In the present study, we provide a new calibration model for dating the origins of Plasmodium parasites in orangutans using a modified date range for the origin of macaques in Asia. Our Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of complete Plasmodium sp. mitochondrial DNA genomes inferred two clades of plasmodia in orangutans (Pongo 1 and Pongo 2), and that these clades likely represent the previously identified species Plasmodium pitheci and Plasmodium silvaticum. However, we cannot identify which Pongo clade is representative of the morphologically described species. The most recent common ancestor of both Pongo sp. plasmodia, Plasmodium. hylobati, and Plasmodium. inui dates to 3–3.16 million years ago (mya) (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 2.09–4.08 mya). The Pongo 1 parasite diversified 0.33–0.36 mya (95% HPD: 0.12–0.63), while the Pongo 2 parasite diversified 1.15–1.22 mya (95% HPD: 0.63–1.82 mya). It now seems likely that the monkey Plasmodium (P. inui) is the result of a host switch event from the Pongo 2 parasite to sympatric monkeys, or P. hylobati. Our new estimates for the divergence of orangutan malaria parasites, and subsequent diversification, are all several hundred thousand years later than previous Bayesian estimates.

中文翻译：

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通过完整 mtDNA 基因组的系统发育分析和新的生物地理分歧约会校准模型揭示猩猩疟原虫的进化史


在过去 15 年里，研究人员对感染猩猩的疟原虫寄生虫的研究表现出了新的兴趣。最近，研究利用完整的线粒体 DNA 基因组检查了猩猩中这些寄生虫的系统发育关系和分化日期。然而，关于这些寄生虫的年代测定的问题仍然存在。在本研究中，我们提供了一种新的校准模型，使用亚洲猕猴起源的修改日期范围来确定猩猩体内疟原虫寄生虫的起源。我们对完整疟原虫sp 的贝叶斯系统发育分析。线粒体DNA基因组推断出猩猩中有两个疟原虫分支（ Pongo 1和Pongo 2），并且这些分支可能代表了先前鉴定的Plasmodium Pitheci和Plasmodium silvaticum物种。然而，我们无法确定哪个猩猩分支能够代表形态上描述的物种。两种猩猩的最近共同祖先。疟原虫，疟原虫。 hylobati和疟原虫。 inui可追溯到 3–316 万年前 (mya)（95% 最高后验密度 [HPD]：2.09–4.08 mya）。 Pongo 1 寄生虫多样化为 0.33–0.36 mya（95% HPD：0.12–0.63），而Pongo 2 寄生虫多样化为 1.15–1.22 mya（95% HPD：0.63–1.82 mya）。现在看来，猴疟原虫( P. inui ) 很可能是从Pongo 2 寄生虫到同域猴 ( P. hylobati ) 的宿主转换事件的结果。 我们对猩猩疟疾寄生虫的分化以及随后的多样化的新估计都比之前的贝叶斯估计晚了数十万年。