Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and is widely used as an energy source for combustion and gasification. Both experimental methods and computational tools are required for the development of new advanced, innovative clean coal technologies and systems. In particular, 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can provide detailed local and global information on the interaction of fluid dynamics, mixing, and heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions even for complex systems such as combustors, gasifiers, or chemical reactors. The predictive capabilities of CFD simulations depend directly on appropriate models and their mutual interactions. The current state of modeling is reviewed in this paper and the need for further improvements of both individual models and their respective coupling is addressed. In addition, to evaluate and validate the models and their interactions, systems with increasing complexity and well-defined boundary and operating conditions are required that can provide suitable experimental data. A number of reference burners and combustors, developed especially at universities and research institutions, are also presented and recent simulation data for these systems is reviewed.

煤是最丰富的化石燃料，被广泛用作燃烧和气化的能源。开发新的先进、创新的清洁煤技术和系统需要实验方法和计算工具。特别是，3D 计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟可以提供有关流体动力学、混合以及非均相和均相化学反应相互作用的详细局部和全局信息，即使对于复杂系统（例如燃烧器、气化器或化学反应器）也是如此。CFD 模拟的预测能力直接取决于适当的模型及其相互之间的相互作用。本文回顾了建模的当前状态，并解决了进一步改进单个模型及其各自耦合的需求。此外，为了评估和验证模型及其相互作用，需要具有日益复杂性和明确定义的边界和操作条件的系统，以提供合适的实验数据。还介绍了一些特别是在大学和研究机构开发的参考燃烧器和燃烧器，并审查了这些系统的最新模拟数据。