ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most significant threats hindering global food security. The impact of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination on Spinach plants under salt stress conditions was investigated. Our results confirmed that salt stress (75, 150 mM) negatively affected morphological and physiological parameters of Spinach plants such as shoot (26.4%, 45.9%), and root length (16.1%, 51.2%), fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, membrane stability index (9.8%, 18.5%), relative water content(4.5%, 16.8%), chlorophyll content, mineral contents, endogenous phytohormones (auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) and total soluble protein content. However, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production (such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical), sodium, soluble sugars, proline contents, and antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) significantly increased as a response to salt stress. The use of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination led to significant increases in all the above parameters; nevertheless, these treatments led to significant decreases in EL%, MDA, ROS, and sodium content in the stressed plants. The results proved the combination of Trichoderma and biochar is the most effective in alleviating the damaging impacts of salt on Spinach plants by increasing the up-regulation of antioxidants and decreasing membrane leakage and ROS.

摘要

盐度是阻碍全球粮食安全的最重大威胁之一。研究了盐胁迫条件下木霉、生物炭和组合对菠菜植物的影响。我们的研究结果证实，盐胁迫（75、150 mM）对菠菜植物的形态和生理参数产生负面影响，例如芽（26.4%、45.9%）、根长（16.1%、51.2%）、根的鲜重和干重以及芽、膜稳定性指数（9.8%、18.5%）、相对含水量（4.5%、16.8%）、叶绿素含量、矿物质含量、内源性植物激素（生长素、赤霉素、脱落酸、茉莉酸、水杨酸）和总可溶性蛋白质含量。然而，电解质泄漏、脂质过氧化、活性氧物质的产生（如过氧化氢和羟​​基自由基）、钠、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、作为对盐胁迫的反应，抗氧化酶活性（过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶）显着增加。木霉、生物炭及其组合的使用导致上述所有参数显着增加；然而，这些处理导致受胁迫植物的 EL%、MDA、ROS 和钠含量显着降低。结果证明，木霉和生物炭的组合通过增加抗氧化剂的上调和减少膜渗漏和活性氧来减轻盐对菠菜植物的破坏性影响最有效。这些处理导致受胁迫植物的 EL%、MDA、ROS 和钠含量显着降低。结果证明，木霉和生物炭的组合通过增加抗氧化剂的上调和减少膜渗漏和活性氧来减轻盐对菠菜植物的破坏性影响最有效。这些处理导致受胁迫植物的 EL%、MDA、ROS 和钠含量显着降低。结果证明，木霉和生物炭的组合通过增加抗氧化剂的上调和减少膜渗漏和活性氧来减轻盐对菠菜植物的破坏性影响最有效。