ABSTRACT

From a materials perspective, the pillars for the development of clinically translatable scaffold-based strategies for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone and periodontal regeneration have included electrospinning and 3D printing (biofabrication) technologies. Here, we offer a detailed analysis of the latest innovations in 3D (bio)printing strategies for CMF bone and periodontal regeneration and provide future directions envisioning the development of advanced 3D architectures for successful clinical translation. First, the principles of electrospinning applied to the generation of biodegradable scaffolds are discussed. Next, we present on extrusion-based 3D printing technologies with a focus on creating scaffolds with improved regenerative capacity. In addition, we offer a critical appraisal on 3D (bio)printing and multitechnology convergence to enable the reconstruction of CMF bones and periodontal tissues. As a future outlook, we highlight future directions associated with the utilisation of complementary biomaterials and (bio)fabrication technologies for effective translation of personalised and functional scaffolds into the clinics.

摘要

从材料的角度来看，开发临床可转化的基于支架的颅颌面 (CMF) 骨和牙周再生策略的支柱包括静电纺丝和 3D 打印（生物制造）技术。在这里，我们详细分析了用于 CMF 骨和牙周再生的 3D（生物）打印策略的最新创新，并提供了未来的方向，设想了先进 3D 架构的发展以实现成功的临床转化。首先，讨论了应用于可生物降解支架生成的静电纺丝原理。接下来，我们将介绍基于挤压的 3D 打印技术，重点是创建具有更高再生能力的支架。此外，我们对 3D（生物）打印和多技术融合进行了批判性评估，以实现 CMF 骨骼和牙周组织的重建。作为未来展望，我们强调了与利用互补生物材料和（生物）制造技术相关的未来方向，以有效地将个性化和功能性支架转化为临床。