Background: Metabolic complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including dyslipidemia, electrolyte imbalance, and oxidative stress, have been shown to be modulated by hypoglycemic agents. Objective: The lipid profile, electrolytes, and oxidative stress indices were evaluated in T2DM. Methods: Fifty T2DM patients on metformin (n = 23), insulin (n = 17), and insulin/metformin (n = 10) and 40 controls were studied. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxide (TPP), and total calcium (Ca) values were determined colorimetrically, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels were determined by flame photometry, chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) levels were determined by titration, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined by calculation. Data were analyzed using t test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation at p < 0.05. Results: T2DM patients had higher lipid peroxidation (TPP and OSI), atherogenic lipids (higher LDL-C and AIP and lower HDL-C), and lower antioxidants compared to controls (p < 0.05). T2DM patients with poor glycemic control had higher lipid peroxidation (higher TPP) and atherogenic lipids (TG and AIP) compared to those with good control (p < 0.05). Patients with T2DM for >5 years had higher protein glycosylation (higher HBA1c) and TC compared to those with T2DM for <5 years (p < 0.05). The class of hypoglycemic agent has no effect on the levels of all of the biochemical indices studied (p > 0.05). HDL-C correlated negatively with TG (r = –0.347, p = 0.013), LDL-C (r = –0.322, p = 0.018), and AIP (r = –0.714, p = 0.000) in T2DM. Conclusion: Chronic T2DM and poor glycemic control are associated with reduced antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Different hypoglycemic agents exert no differential effects on the metabolic indices of T2DM studied.

中文翻译：

---

2 型糖尿病的降血糖药和氧化应激指数、电解质和心血管危险因素的变化

背景：2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 的代谢并发症，包括血脂异常、电解质失衡和氧化应激，已被证明受降糖药的调节。目的：评估 T2DM 患者的血脂、电解质和氧化应激指数。方法：研究了 50 名服用二甲双胍（n = 23）、胰岛素（n = 17）和胰岛素/二甲双胍（n = 10）的 T2DM 患者和 40 名对照。空腹血糖 (FPG)、糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c)、总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL-C)、总抗氧化能力 (TAC)、总血浆过氧化物 (TPP) 和总钙 (Ca) 值通过比色法确定，钠 (Na+) 和钾 (K+) 水平通过火焰光度法确定，氯化物 (Cl–) 和碳酸氢盐 (HCO3–) 水平通过滴定法确定，通过计算确定低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平、血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数（AIP）和氧化应激指数（OSI）。使用 t 检验、方差分析和 P < 0.05 的 Pearson 相关性分析数据。结果：与对照组相比，T2DM 患者具有更高的脂质过氧化（TPP 和 OSI）、致动脉粥样硬化的脂质（更高的 LDL-C 和 AIP 以及更低的 HDL-C）和更低的抗氧化剂（p < 0.05）。与血糖控制良好的患者相比，血糖控制不佳的 T2DM 患者具有更高的脂质过氧化（更高的 TPP）和致动脉粥样硬化的脂质（TG 和 AIP）（p < 0.05）。与 T2DM 患者相比，5 年以上的 T2DM 患者具有更高的蛋白质糖基化（更高的 HBA1c）和 TC（p < 0.05）。降血糖药的类别对所有研究的生化指标的水平没有影响（p > 0.05）。在 T2DM 中，HDL-C 与 TG（r = –0.347，p = 0.013）、LDL-C（r = –0.322，p = 0.018）和 AIP（r = –0.714，p = 0.000）呈负相关。结论：慢性 T2DM 和血糖控制不佳与抗氧化剂减少、脂质过氧化和致动脉粥样硬化的血脂异常有关。不同的降血糖药对所研究的 T2DM 的代谢指标没有不同的影响。