Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive motor (such as resting tremor, hypokinesia, postural instability) and non-motor symptoms (such as neuropsychiatric decline and autonomic dysfunction). Since its introduction in the late 1980s, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has revolutionized the treatment of PD. Initially used in patients’ with advanced PD with either medically refractory motor symptoms or medication intolerance, DBS typically provides excellent improvement in motor symptoms. Indications for DBS have continued to expand, with demonstrated efficacy in early PD and essential tremor, and promising preliminary results in the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric disease, and depression. Advancements in DBS hardware, programming, neuroimaging, and surgical techniques have led to progressive improvement in efficacy and safety profiles. Thanks to ongoing research into remote programming, adaptive DBS, new targets, and alternative interventions, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, the opportunities for further improvements in DBS and neuromodulation are bright.

帕金森病 (PD) 是第二常见的神经退行性疾病，其特征是进行性运动（如静止性震颤、运动机能减退、姿势不稳）和非运动症状（如神经精神衰退和自主神经功能障碍）。自 1980 年代后期推出以来，深部脑刺激 (DBS) 彻底改变了 PD 的治疗。DBS 最初用于患有医学上难治性运动症状或药物不耐受的晚期 PD 患者，通常可以很好地改善运动症状。DBS 的适应症不断扩大，在早期 PD 和特发性震颤中显示出疗效，并在治疗癫痫、精神疾病和抑郁症方面取得了有希望的初步结果。DBS 硬件、编程、神经成像、和手术技术导致疗效和安全性的逐步提高。由于对远程编程、自适应 DBS、新目标和替代干预措施（例如经颅磁刺激）的持续研究，DBS 和神经调节的进一步改进的机会是光明的。