The need for a ‘many-valued logic’ in linguistics has been evident since the 1970s, but there was lack of clarity as to whether it should come from the family of fuzzy logics or from the family of probabilistic logics. In this regard, Fine [14] and Kamp [26] pointed out undesirable effects of fuzzy logic (the failure of idempotency and coherence) which kept two generations of linguists and philosophers at arm’s length. (Another unwanted feature of fuzzy logic is the property of truth functionality.) While probabilistic logic is not fraught by the same problems, its lack of constructiveness, i.e. its inability to compose complex truth degrees from atomic truth degrees, did not make it more attractive to linguists either. In the absence of a clear perspective in ‘many-valued logic’, scholars chose to proliferate ontologies grafted atop the classical bivalent logic: ontologies for truth, individuals, events, situations, possible worlds and degrees. The result has been a collection of incompatible classical logics. In this paper, I present sample logic, in particular its semantics (not its axiomatization). Sample logics is a member of the family of probabilistic logics, which is constructive without being truth functional. More specifically, I integrate all the important linguistic data on which the classical logics are predicated. The concepts of (in)dependency and conditional (in)dependency are the cornerstones of sample logic.

中文翻译：

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示例逻辑

自 1970 年代以来，语言学中对“多值逻辑”的需求就很明显了，但是对于它应该来自模糊逻辑家族还是来自概率逻辑家族还缺乏明确性。在这方面，Fine [14] 和 Kamp [26] 指出模糊逻辑的不良影响（幂等性和连贯性的失败）使两代语言学家和哲学家保持一定距离。（模糊逻辑的另一个不受欢迎的特性是真值功能的特性。）虽然概率逻辑不存在同样的问题，但它缺乏构造性，即它无法从原子真度组成复杂的真度，并没有使它更具吸引力对语言学家来说。在“多值逻辑”缺乏清晰视角的情况下，学者们选择增殖嫁接在经典二价逻辑之上的本体：真理、个体、事件、情境、可能世界和程度的本体。结果是一系列不相容的经典逻辑。在本文中，我介绍了示例逻辑，特别是它的语义（而不是它的公理化）。样本逻辑是概率逻辑家族的成员，它是建设性的而不是真值函数。更具体地说，我整合了古典逻辑所依据的所有重要语言数据。(in)dependency 和conditional (in)dependency 的概念是样本逻辑的基石。我提出了示例逻辑，特别是它的语义（不是它的公理化）。样本逻辑是概率逻辑家族的成员，它是建设性的而不是真值函数。更具体地说，我整合了古典逻辑所依据的所有重要语言数据。(in)dependency 和conditional (in)dependency 的概念是样本逻辑的基石。我提出了示例逻辑，特别是它的语义（不是它的公理化）。样本逻辑是概率逻辑家族的成员，它是建设性的而不是真值函数。更具体地说，我整合了古典逻辑所依据的所有重要语言数据。(in)dependency 和conditional (in)dependency 的概念是样本逻辑的基石。