Structural transformation of agriculture typically involves a gradual increase of mean farm sizes and a reallocation of labor from agriculture to other sectors. Such structural transformation is often fostered through innovations in agriculture and newly emerging opportunities in manufacturing and services. Here, we use panel data from farm households in Indonesia to test and support the hypothesis that the recent oil palm boom contributes to structural transformation. Oil palm is capital-intensive but requires much less labor per hectare than traditional crops. Farmers who adopted oil palm increase their cropping area, meaning that some of the labor saved per hectare is used for expanding the farm. Average farm sizes increased in recent years. In addition, we observe a positive association between oil palm adoption and off-farm income, suggesting that some of the labor saved per hectare is also reallocated to non-agricultural activities. Oil palm adoption significantly increases the likelihood of households pursuing own non-farm businesses. However, oil palm adoption does not increase the likelihood of being employed in manufacturing or services, which is probably due to the limited non-farm labor demand in the local setting. Equitable and sustainable agricultural transformation requires new lucrative non-agricultural employment opportunities in rural areas.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚的油棕和农业结构转型

农业的结构转型通常涉及平均农场规模的逐渐增加和劳动力从农业向其他部门的重新分配。这种结构转型通常是通过农业创新以及制造业和服务业的新机遇来促进的。在这里，我们使用来自印度尼西亚农户的面板数据来检验和支持最近的油棕繁荣有助于结构转型的假设。油棕是资本密集型的​​，但每公顷所需的劳动力比传统作物少得多。采用油棕的农民增加了种植面积，这意味着每公顷节省的部分劳动力用于扩大农场。近年来，平均农场规模有所增加。此外，我们观察到油棕采用与非农收入之间存在正相关关系，表明每公顷节省的部分劳动力也重新分配给非农业活动。采用油棕显着增加了家庭从事非农业务的可能性。然而，采用油棕并不会增加受雇于制造业或服务业的可能性，这可能是由于当地环境中的非农劳动力需求有限。公平和可持续的农业转型需要在农村地区创造新的利润丰厚的非农业就业机会。这可能是由于当地的非农劳动力需求有限。公平和可持续的农业转型需要在农村地区创造新的利润丰厚的非农业就业机会。这可能是由于当地的非农劳动力需求有限。公平和可持续的农业转型需要在农村地区创造新的利润丰厚的非农业就业机会。