Neoliberalism’s sordid record has often engendered nostalgia for the mid twentieth century, which was characterized by Keynesianism and welfare state expansion in the United States and by developmentalist policy (and more modest welfare measures) in Latin America. Most analysts see the neoliberal assault that began in the 1970s as a moment of radical rupture. Amy Offner instead shows that the signature policies of the neoliberal era—deregulation, privatization, and the shifting of costs onto workers and other vulnerable groups—emerged long before the recognized advent of neoliberalism. Governments hamstrung by fiscal constraints opted not to confront the wealthy but to devolve public powers to autonomous entities controlled by capitalists. Later neoliberal crusaders built upon existing policies, “sorting out” the pieces they liked from those that were unprofitable.

中文翻译：

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福利和发展型国家 - 梳理混合经济：美洲福利和发展型国家的兴衰。作者：Amy C. Offner。普林斯顿：普林斯顿大学出版社，2019 年。Pp。xv, 381. 插图。笔记。指数。39.95 美元的布。

新自由主义的肮脏记录常常引发对 20 世纪中叶的怀旧之情，其特点是美国的凯恩斯主义和福利国家扩张以及拉丁美洲的发展主义政策（以及更温和的福利措施）。大多数分析家将 1970 年代开始的新自由主义攻击视为彻底决裂的时刻。相反，艾米·奥夫纳 (Amy Offner) 表明，新自由主义时代的标志性政策——放松管制、私有化，以及将成本转移到工人和其他弱势群体身上——早在公认的新自由主义出现之前就已经出现了。受到财政限制的政府选择不与富人对抗，而是将公共权力下放给资本家控制的自治实体。后来的新自由主义十字军建立在现有政策的基础上，