To overcome the problems existing in the application of the traditional stability control method of the surrounding rock of deep shafts, in this paper, a stability control method for the surrounding rock of deep shafts is presented based on the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) and the Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT), and a support design method of deep shafts is also proposed. In addition, taking a deep shaft construction project as an example, the support design process of a deep shaft is presented: the engineering geology and in situ stress of the deep shaft are collected and processed to evaluate the rock mass quality with the Q-system, rock mass rating (RMR), and geological strength index (GSI). The strength and deformation parameters of the intact rock are obtained via laboratory tests, and the rock mass mechanical parameters are calculated using the generalized Hoek–Brown method. Then, a variety of support design methods based on rock mass classification systems are applied to determine the primary and permanent support, and the support time is obtained on the basis of a convergence-confinement analysis and engineering experience. A two-dimensional plane-strain model is constructed to analyze and evaluate the safety of the proposed support system, incorporating the major geological discontinuities and non-hydrostatic in situ stress state prior to excavation.