Renal cell carcinoma incidence is rising worldwide with increasing subtype stratification by the World Health Organization. Each subtype has unique genetic alterations, cell biology changes and clinical findings. Such genetic alterations offer the potential for individualized therapeutic approaches that are rapidly progressing. This review highlights the most common subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, including both hereditary and sporadic forms, with a focus on genetic changes, clinical findings and ongoing clinical trials.

中文翻译：

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肾癌：从基因到治疗

随着世界卫生组织对亚型分层的增加，肾细胞癌的发病率在全球范围内不断上升。每个亚型都有独特的遗传改变、细胞生物学变化和临床发现。这种基因改变为快速发展的个体化治疗方法提供了潜力。本综述重点介绍了最常见的肾细胞癌亚型，包括遗传性和散发性形式，重点关注遗传变化、临床发现和正在进行的临床试验。