Background and Aims The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of fruit crops including domesticated grapevine Vitis vinifera cultivars. Damage caused by this pathogen is severely detrimental to the table and wine grape industries and results in substantial crop losses worldwide. The apoplast and cell wall interface is an important setting where many plant–pathogen interactions take place and where some defence-related messenger molecules are generated. Limited studies have investigated changes in grape cell wall composition upon infection with B. cinerea, with much being inferred from studies on other fruit crops. Methods In this study, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling in combination with monosaccharide compositional analysis was applied for the first time to investigate cell wall compositional changes in the berries of wine (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon) and table (Dauphine and Barlinka) grape cultivars during Botrytis infection and tissue maceration. This was used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterize infection progression. Key Results Grapes infected at veraison did not develop visible infection symptoms, whereas grapes inoculated at the post-veraison and ripe stages showed evidence of significant tissue degradation. The latter was characterized by a reduction in signals for pectin epitopes in the berry cell walls, implying the degradation of pectin polymers. The table grape cultivars showed more severe infection symptoms, and corresponding pectin depolymerization, compared with wine grape cultivars. In both grape types, hemicellulose layers were largely unaffected, as was the arabinogalactan protein content, whereas in moderate to severely infected table grape cultivars, evidence of extensin epitope deposition was present. Conclusions Specific changes in the grape cell wall compositional profiles appear to correlate with fungal disease susceptibility. Cell wall factors important in influencing resistance may include pectin methylesterification profiles, as well as extensin reorganization.

中文翻译：

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使用聚糖微阵列跟踪葡萄孢菌感染的葡萄酒和鲜食葡萄的细胞壁变化

背景和目的 坏死性真菌 Botrytis cinerea 感染范围广泛的水果作物，包括驯化的葡萄品种 Vitis vinifera。这种病原体造成的损害对食用葡萄和酿酒葡萄产业造成严重损害，并导致全球作物大量损失。质外体和细胞壁界面是发生许多植物-病原体相互作用以及产生一些与防御相关的信使分子的重要场所。有限的研究调查了葡萄孢子菌感染后葡萄细胞壁组成的变化，其中很多是从对其他水果作物的研究中推断出来的。方法 在这项研究中，综合微阵列聚合物分析与单糖成分分析相结合，首次应用于研究葡萄酒浆果（长相思和赤霞珠）和餐桌（Dauphine 和 Barlinka）葡萄品种在葡萄孢属感染和组织浸渍过程中的细胞壁组成变化。这与扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 和 X 射线计算机断层扫描 (CT) 结合使用来表征感染进展。主要结果 在转色期感染的葡萄没有出现明显的感染症状，而在转色后和成熟阶段接种的葡萄显示出明显的组织退化迹象。后者的特征是浆果细胞壁中果胶表位的信号减少，这意味着果胶聚合物的降解。与酿酒葡萄品种相比，鲜食葡萄品种表现出更严重的感染症状和相应的果胶解聚。在这两种葡萄类型中，半纤维素层和阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白含量基本不受影响，而在中度至严重感染的鲜食葡萄品种中，存在延伸蛋白表位沉积的证据。结论 葡萄细胞壁成分谱的特定变化似乎与真菌病易感性相关。影响抗性的重要细胞壁因素可能包括果胶甲酯化谱以及伸长蛋白重组。阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白含量也是如此，而在中度至重度感染的鲜食葡萄品种中，存在延伸蛋白表位沉积的证据。结论 葡萄细胞壁成分谱的特定变化似乎与真菌病易感性相关。影响抗性的重要细胞壁因素可能包括果胶甲酯化谱以及伸长蛋白重组。阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白含量也是如此，而在中度至重度感染的鲜食葡萄品种中，存在延伸蛋白表位沉积的证据。结论 葡萄细胞壁成分谱的特定变化似乎与真菌病易感性相关。影响抗性的重要细胞壁因素可能包括果胶甲酯化谱以及伸长蛋白重组。