Biochar application has been widely recommended as a potential solution to tackle the challenges of food security and climate change in agroecosystems, but the effect sizes of biochar application on crop yield, soil carbon sequestration, and global warming potential (GWP) shows great uncertainties. To explore the effect variation of biochar application alone (B) and biochar combined with chemical fertilizers (BF) on crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and GWP, this study reviewed updated datasets with 455, 131, and 95 independent experiments globally to identify the key factors influencing the responses of crop yield, SOC, and GWP to B and BF, respectively. Overall, the effect sizes were different between B and BF in both improving crop yield (15.1 % and 48.4 %, respectively) and decreasing GWP (27.1 % and 14.3 %, respectively), whereas there were almost no differences in terms of increasing SOC (32.9 % and 34.8 %, respectively). In addition, the effect sizes of B and BF on crop yield were coupled with these on SOC. Increased biochar carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) and soil pH decreased the impact of B and BF on crop yield, while increased SOC promoted the impact of BF on crop yield. The effect size on GWP increased with biochar pH increasing but soil pH decreasing under B and BF. The wetness index, soil properties (SOC, pH, and clay), and biochar properties (type, pH, C:N ratio, and application rate) jointly explained 70 %–79 %, 90 %–93 %, and 70 %–97 % of the effect variations in crop yield, SOC, and GWP, respectively. The biochar C:N ratio and soil pH were the most important factors determining the effect size of biochar application on crop yield, SOC, and GWP. Taken together, biochar application is a tripartite win-win solution for improving crop yield, increasing SOC, and decreasing GWP mainly depending on biochar properties and soil pH.

生物炭应用已被广泛推荐作为应对农业生态系统中粮食安全和气候变化挑战的潜在解决方案，但生物炭应用对作物产量、土壤碳固存和全球变暖潜能值 (GWP) 的影响大小显示出很大的不确定性。为了探索单独施用生物炭 (B) 和生物炭与化肥 (BF) 结合使用对作物产量、土壤有机碳 (SOC) 和 GWP 的影响变化，本研究回顾了全球 455、131 和 95 个独立实验的更新数据集确定影响作物产量、SOC 和 GWP 分别对 B 和 BF 响应的关键因素。总体而言，B 和 BF 在提高作物产量（分别为 15.1 % 和 48.4 %）和降低 GWP（分别为 27.1 % 和 14.3 %）方面的效果大小不同，而在增加 SOC 方面几乎没有差异（分别为 32.9 % 和 34.8 %）。此外，B 和 BF 对作物产量的影响大小与这些对 SOC 的影响大小相关。生物炭碳氮比（C:N 比）和土壤 pH 值的增加降低了 B 和 BF 对作物产量的影响，而增加的 SOC 促进了 BF 对作物产量的影响。对 GWP 的影响随着生物炭 pH 值的增加而增加，但在 B 和 BF 下土壤 pH 值降低。湿度指数、土壤特性（SOC、pH 和粘土）和生物炭特性（类型、pH、C:N 比和施用率）共同解释了 70%–79%、90%–93% 和 70%–作物产量、SOC 和 GWP 的影响变化分别为 97%。生物炭 C:N 比和土壤 pH 值是决定生物炭施用对作物产量、SOC 和 GWP 的影响大小的最重要因素。