Social interactions are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. A variety of ecological and evolutionary processes are dependent on social interactions, such as movement, disease spread, information transmission, and density-dependent reproduction and survival. Social interactions, like any behaviour, are context dependent, varying with environmental conditions. Currently, environments are changing rapidly across multiple dimensions, becoming warmer and more variable, while habitats are increasingly fragmented and contaminated with pollutants. Social interactions are expected to change in response to these stressors and to continue to change into the future. However, a comprehensive understanding of the form and magnitude of the effects of these environmental changes on social interactions is currently lacking. Focusing on four major forms of rapid environmental change currently occurring, we review how these changing environmental gradients are expected to have immediate effects on social interactions such as communication, agonistic behaviours, and group formation, which will thereby induce changes in social organisation including mating systems, dominance hierarchies, and collective behaviour. Our review covers intraspecific variation in social interactions across environments, including studies in both the wild and in laboratory settings, and across a range of taxa. The expected responses of social behaviour to environmental change are diverse, but we identify several general themes. First, very dry, variable, fragmented, or polluted environments are likely to destabilise existing social systems. This occurs as these conditions limit the energy available for complex social interactions and affect dissimilar phenotypes differently. Second, a given environmental change can lead to opposite responses in social behaviour, and the direction of the response often hinges on the natural history of the organism in question. Third, our review highlights the fact that changes in environmental factors are not occurring in isolation: multiple factors are changing simultaneously, which may have antagonistic or synergistic effects, and more work should be done to understand these combined effects. We close by identifying methodological and analytical techniques that might help to study the response of social interactions to changing environments, highlight consistent patterns among taxa, and predict subsequent evolutionary change. We expect that the changes in social interactions that we document here will have consequences for individuals, groups, and for the ecology and evolution of populations, and therefore warrant a central place in the study of animal populations, particularly in an era of rapid environmental change.

中文翻译：

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非生物环境变化对种内社会互动的预期影响

社会互动在动物王国中无处不在。各种生态和进化过程都依赖于社会互动，例如运动、疾病传播、信息传递以及依赖密度的繁殖和生存。与任何行为一样，社会互动取决于环境，并随环境条件而变化。当前，环境在多个维度上迅速变化，变得更加温暖和多变，而栖息地越来越分散并被污染物污染。预计社会互动会因这些压力源而发生变化，并会在未来继续发生变化。然而，目前缺乏对这些环境变化对社会互动影响的形式和程度的全面了解。着眼于目前正在发生的四种主要的快速环境变化形式，我们回顾了这些不断变化的环境梯度如何预计对社会互动产生直接影响，如交流、竞争行为和群体形成，从而引发社会组织的变化，包括交配系统、支配等级和集体行为。我们的审查涵盖了跨环境的社会互动的种内变异，包括在野外和实验室环境中的研究，以及跨越一系列分类群的研究。社会行为对环境变化的预期反应是多种多样的，但我们确定了几个一般主题。首先，非常干燥、多变、分散或污染的环境可能会破坏现有的社会系统。这是因为这些条件限制了可用于复杂社会互动的能量，并以不同方式影响不同的表型。其次，给定的环境变化会导致社会行为的相反反应，而反应的方向通常取决于相关生物体的自然历史。第三，我们的综述强调了环境因素的变化并非孤立发生的事实：多个因素同时发生变化，可能具有拮抗或协同作用，应做更多工作来了解这些综合影响。最后，我们确定了可能有助于研究社会互动对不断变化的环境的反应的方法和分析技术，突出分类群之间的一致模式，并预测随后的进化变化。