In many countries, the western honey bee is used as surrogate in pesticide risk assessments for bees. However, uncertainty remains in the estimation of pesticide risk to non-Apis bees because their potential routes of exposure to pesticides, life histories, and ecologies differ from those of honey bees. We applied the vulnerability concept in pesticide risk assessment to 10 bee species including the honey bee, 2 bumble bee species, and 7 solitary bee species with different nesting strategies. Trait-based vulnerability considers the evaluation of a species at the level of both the organism (exposure and effect) and the population (recovery), which goes beyond the sensitivity of individuals to a toxicant assessed in standard laboratory toxicity studies by including effects on populations in the field. Based on expert judgment, each trait was classified by its relationship to the vulnerability to pesticide exposure, effects (intrinsic sensitivity), and population recovery. The results suggested that the non-Apis bees included in our approach are potentially more vulnerable to pesticides than the honey bee due to traits governing exposure and population recovery potential. Our analysis highlights many uncertainties related to the interaction between bee ecology and the potential exposures and population-level effects of pesticides, emphasizing the need for more research to identify suitable surrogate species for higher tier bee risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2640–2651. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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评估蜜蜂物种对农药暴露的脆弱性

在许多国家，西方蜜蜂被用作蜜蜂农药风险评估的替代品。然而，在估计农药对非蜜蜂产品的风险方面仍存在不确定性。蜜蜂，因为它们接触杀虫剂的潜在途径、生活史和生态环境与蜜蜂不同。我们将农药风险评估中的脆弱性概念应用于包括蜜蜂、2 种大黄蜂和 7 种不同筑巢策略的独居蜂在内的 10 种蜜蜂。基于特征的脆弱性考虑在生物体（暴露和影响）和种群（恢复）水平上对物种的评估，这超出了个体对标准实验室毒性研究中评估的毒物的敏感性，包括对种群的影响在该领域。根据专家判断，每个性状都根据其与农药暴露脆弱性、影响（内在敏感性）和种群恢复的关系进行分类。结果表明，非由于控制暴露和种群恢复潜力的特性，我们方法中包含的蜜蜂可能比蜜蜂更容易受到杀虫剂的影响。我们的分析强调了与蜜蜂生态学与农药的潜在暴露和种群水平影响之间的相互作用相关的许多不确定性，强调需要进行更多的研究来确定合适的替代物种以进行更高级别的蜜蜂风险评估。环境毒物化学2021；40:2640–2651。© 2021 SETAC