Electronic structure plays a critical role in the kinetics of (photo)electrocatalytic reactions. X-ray and electron spectroscopies provide key determinants—electronic structure, surface adsorbate speciation and coverage quantification, valence state, coordination chemistry, etc.—of catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, we provide an introduction to the fundamental physical concepts, capabilities, and limitations of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy as well as provide discussions of (photo)electrocatalysis-relevant publications utilizing each of these techniques. Our objective is to provide those new to x-ray and electron spectroscopies with sufficient information to assess which techniques probe desired material parameters, while also providing experts in each of these spectroscopic fields a bridge to view the importance of these spectroscopies to (photo)electrocatalysis research.

中文翻译：

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（光）电催化剂的 X 射线和电子能谱：通过电子结构和吸附物覆盖了解活性

电子结构在（光）电催化反应的动力学中起着关键作用。X 射线和电子光谱提供催化活性和选择性的关键决定因素——电子结构、表面吸附物形态和覆盖定量、价态、配位化学等。在这里，我们介绍了 X 射线光电子能谱、X 射线吸收能谱和电子能量损失能谱的基本物理概念、能力和局限性，并讨论了利用每种方法的（光）电催化相关出版物。这些技术。我们的目标是为 X 射线和电子光谱学的新手提供足够的信息，以评估哪些技术探测所需的材料参数，