The soil biochemical properties are sensitive to change in land use systems and seasons. The variations in soil management practices and soil moisture content affect the sustainability of the systems. To study the sustainability in lower Shiwalik, a total of 144 soil samples (0–0.15 m) were undertaken to monitor the changes in the soil biochemical properties under rainfed land use systems, i.e., agri-horticulture, agroforestry, cultivated and barren system and seasons, i.e., summer, rainy and winter. Among soil biochemical properties, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial quotient, dehydrogenase activities, basal soil respiration, fluorescein diacetate and urease activities ranged from 77 to 122 μg g⁻¹, 0.023 to 0.027, 18.3 to 30.6 μg TPF g ⁻¹ h⁻¹, 13.2 to 22.7 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ day⁻¹, 1.3 to 2.2 μg g⁻¹ and 5.83 to 6.38 μg NH₄-Ng⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. Among 15 soil properties, principal component analysis specified that four major soil properties, i.e., basal soil respiration, metabolic quotient, electrical conductivity and clay content contributed 73% of the soil quality index with contribution of 44, 13, 9 and 7%, respectively. Among seasons, the values for soil biochemical properties were higher in rainy season as compared to winter and summer season. In systems, agri-horticulture followed by agroforestry was the best systems in terms of sustainability in Shiwalik foothills of northwest India.

土壤生化特性对土地利用系统和季节的变化很敏感。土壤管理实践和土壤含水量的变化影响系统的可持续性。为了研究 Shiwalik 下游的可持续性，共进行了 144 个土壤样本 (0-0.15 m) 以监测雨养土地利用系统下土壤生化特性的变化，即农业园艺、农林业、耕地和贫瘠系统以及四季，即夏季、雨季和冬季。在土壤生化特性中，土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物商数、脱氢酶活性、土壤基础呼吸、二乙酸荧光素和脲酶活性范围为 77 至 122 μg g ^-1、0.023 至 0.027、18.3 至 30.6 μg TPF g ^-1  h ^{- 1}，分别为13.2至22.7微克CO ₂ -C g ^-1 天^-1、1.3至2.2微克g ^-1和5.83至6.38微克NH ₄ -Ng ^-1  h ^-1。在15种土壤性质中，主成分分析表明，土壤基础呼吸、代谢商、电导率和粘土含量4种主要土壤性质对土壤质量指数的贡献率分别为44%、13%、9%和7%。 . 在季节中，与冬季和夏季相比，雨季土壤生化特性值较高。在系统中，农业园艺其次是农林业是印度西北部 Shiwalik 山麓可持续发展的最佳系统。