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Experimental observations in mismatch losses in monofacial and bifacial PV generators
Progress in Photovoltaics ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-01 , DOI: 10.1002/pip.3447 Carlos Rossa 1 , Francisco Martínez‐Moreno 1 , Eduardo Lorenzo 1
Progress in Photovoltaics ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-01 , DOI: 10.1002/pip.3447 Carlos Rossa 1 , Francisco Martínez‐Moreno 1 , Eduardo Lorenzo 1
Affiliation
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Mismatch losses (
) in PV arrays have been experimentally investigated by observing the dispersion in the operating voltage of the individual modules under normal operating conditions, that is, with the inverter delivering energy to the grid, and by assuming that in the absence of mismatch, all the modules will have the same operating voltage which are equal to the observed average. For that, a quadratic relationship between relative power and relative voltage deviations derived from the power-voltage curve of the modules is required. This has been carried out in two different PV generators: a 5.1 kWp with monofacial multicrystalline BSF modules installed in March 2013 and a 6.6 kWp with bifacial monocrystalline PERC modules, installed in May 2019. The respective coefficient of variation of the STC power is 1.6% and 0.3%. This decrease reflects the improvement between these two PV technologies and translates into a reduction in the 
component derived from intrinsic differences in the constitution of the module, from 0.09% to 0.01%, following theoretical considerations. The 
component due to the non-uniformity of rear irradiance in the bifacial PV array is deduced by comparing its functioning with and without the rear side of the modules covered by opaque canvas and results in about 0.2–0.4%, which represents half of the total observed 
. The difference between these components and the total 
observed is attributed to differences in the module operating temperature. The aging of the monofacial PV array translates into an increase in 
at a ratio of 0.04% per year.
中文翻译：
单面和双面光伏发电机失配损失的实验观察
光伏阵列中的失配损失 (
) 通过观察正常工作条件下单个模块的工作电压的离散性进行了实验研究，即逆变器向电网输送能量，并假设在没有失配的情况下，所有模块将具有相同的工作电压，等于观察到的平均值。为此，需要从模块的功率-电压曲线得出的相对功率和相对电压偏差之间的二次关系。这已在两种不同的光伏发电机中进行：2013 年 3 月安装的带有单面多晶 BSF 模块的 5.1 kW p和 6.6 kW p采用双面单晶PERC组件，于2019年5月安装。STC功率的变异系数分别为1.6%和0.3%。根据理论考虑，这种减少反映了这两种光伏技术之间的改进，并转化为由组件构成的内在差异导致的组件减少，从 0.09% 减少到 0.01%。双面光伏阵列背面辐照度不均匀导致的分量是通过比较其在组件背面覆盖不透明帆布的情况下的功能推断出来的，结果约为 0.2-0.4%，占总数的一半观察到。这些成分与总量的差异观察到的原因是模块工作温度的差异。单面光伏阵列的老化转化为每年 0.04% 的增长。
更新日期：2021-07-01
) in PV arrays have been experimentally investigated by observing the dispersion in the operating voltage of the individual modules under normal operating conditions, that is, with the inverter delivering energy to the grid, and by assuming that in the absence of mismatch, all the modules will have the same operating voltage which are equal to the observed average. For that, a quadratic relationship between relative power and relative voltage deviations derived from the power-voltage curve of the modules is required. This has been carried out in two different PV generators: a 5.1 kWp with monofacial multicrystalline BSF modules installed in March 2013 and a 6.6 kWp with bifacial monocrystalline PERC modules, installed in May 2019. The respective coefficient of variation of the STC power is 1.6% and 0.3%. This decrease reflects the improvement between these two PV technologies and translates into a reduction in the component derived from intrinsic differences in the constitution of the module, from 0.09% to 0.01%, following theoretical considerations. The component due to the non-uniformity of rear irradiance in the bifacial PV array is deduced by comparing its functioning with and without the rear side of the modules covered by opaque canvas and results in about 0.2–0.4%, which represents half of the total observed . The difference between these components and the total observed is attributed to differences in the module operating temperature. The aging of the monofacial PV array translates into an increase in at a ratio of 0.04% per year.
中文翻译：
单面和双面光伏发电机失配损失的实验观察
光伏阵列中的失配损失 (
) 通过观察正常工作条件下单个模块的工作电压的离散性进行了实验研究，即逆变器向电网输送能量，并假设在没有失配的情况下，所有模块将具有相同的工作电压，等于观察到的平均值。为此，需要从模块的功率-电压曲线得出的相对功率和相对电压偏差之间的二次关系。这已在两种不同的光伏发电机中进行：2013 年 3 月安装的带有单面多晶 BSF 模块的 5.1 kW p和 6.6 kW p采用双面单晶PERC组件，于2019年5月安装。STC功率的变异系数分别为1.6%和0.3%。根据理论考虑，这种减少反映了这两种光伏技术之间的改进，并转化为由组件构成的内在差异导致的组件减少，从 0.09% 减少到 0.01%。双面光伏阵列背面辐照度不均匀导致的分量是通过比较其在组件背面覆盖不透明帆布的情况下的功能推断出来的，结果约为 0.2-0.4%，占总数的一半观察到。这些成分与总量的差异观察到的原因是模块工作温度的差异。单面光伏阵列的老化转化为每年 0.04% 的增长。
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