Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī (1265/1849–1325/1907), aside from being a Shīʿite cleric (mujtahid), was a scholar and follower of Sufism. He was a disciple of Mullā Ḥusayn-Qulī Hamadānī (1239/1824–1311/1894) in ʿirfān (gnosis) in the Shīʿī seminary. In his treatise on spiritual wayfaring, Tadhkirat al-muttaqīn, Bahārī represents a triad of jurisprudence (fiqh), ethics (akhlāq) and monotheism (tawhīd). In his terms, fiqh is an introduction to ʿamal (practice), practice is an introduction to the refinement of character (tahdhīb akhlāq), and akhlāq is an initial step to tawḥīd (the assertion of God’s unity). This paper examines the intersection of Shīʿī and Sufi spiritual movements within the Shīʿī seminary. It demonstrates that Bahārī sought to reframe mystical thought to present it as more acceptable to the Shīʿī seminary, which was characterized by rigid interpretations of Islamic law. This paper also studies the development of the Ẕahabiyya esoteric school within the Shīʿī seminary by tracing the Sufi chain of Bahārī and his masters.

Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī (1265/1849–1325/1907) 除了是什叶派神职人员 ( mujtahid ) 外，还是苏菲派的学者和追随者。他是Shīʿī神学院ʿirfān（gnosis）的MullāḤusayn-Qulī Hamadānī（1239/1824-1311/1894）的弟子。在他关于精神旅行的论文Tadhkirat al-muttaqīn 中，Bahārī 代表了法学 ( fiqh )、伦理学 ( akhlāq ) 和一神论 ( tawhīd ) 的三位一体。用他的话来说，fiqh是对ʿamal（练习）的介绍，练习是对性格细化的介绍（tahdhīb akhlāq），而akhlāq是tawḥīd 的第一步（上帝统一的断言）。这篇论文考察了Shīʿī神学院内Shīʿī和苏菲派精神运动的交集。它表明巴哈里试图重新定义神秘思想，使其更能被什伊神学院接受，后者的特点是对伊斯兰教法的严格解释。本文还通过追溯巴哈里及其上师的苏菲派链来研究什叶神学院内 Ẕahabiyya 密教学校的发展。