Two of the largest democracies in the global south – India and Brazil – have witnessed a dramatic turn to right-wing populism. Careful historical comparison reveals that the form of reaction is markedly different from other recent cases of democratic backsliding. In both cases, reaction has been driven by elites in response to a previous expansion of democratic rights and social inclusion. This form of retrenchment populism is rooted in very similar class realignments that are configured both by economic and socio-cultural interests. Globalization has played a role, but not through the conventionally identified pathways of neoliberalism or modernization. Instead, reaction has been driven by an expanded middle class’s efforts to hoard opportunity and public resources and preserve traditional status privileges.

中文翻译：

---

反应时代：印度和巴西的民粹主义紧缩

南半球最大的两个民主国家——印度和巴西——见证了右翼民粹主义的戏剧性转变。仔细的历史比较表明，这种反应的形式与近期其他民主倒退的案例明显不同。在这两种情况下，精英们都推动了对先前民主权利和社会包容性扩张的反应。这种形式的裁员民粹主义植根于由经济和社会文化利益构成的非常相似的阶级重组。全球化发挥了作用，但不是通过新自由主义或现代化的传统途径。相反，反应是由扩大的中产阶级努力囤积机会和公共资源以及维护传统地位特权所驱动的。