Obesity is a global health problem that is associated with adverse consequences such as the development of metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and type 2 diabetes. A major cause of obesity is metabolic imbalance, which results from insufficient physical activity and excess energy intake. Understanding the pathogenesis of obesity, as well as other metabolic disorders, is important in the development of methods for prevention and therapy. The coordination of energy balance takes place in the hypothalamus, a major brain region that maintains body homeostasis. The primary cilium is an organelle that has recently received attention because of its role in controlling energy balance in the hypothalamus. Defects in proteins required for ciliary function and formation, both in humans and in mice, have been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the critical functions of primary cilia, particularly in hypothalamic areas, and briefly summarize the studies on the primary roles of cilia in specific neurons relating to metabolic homeostasis.

肥胖是一个全球性健康问题，与代谢紊乱（包括心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和 2 型糖尿病）的发展等不良后果相关。肥胖的一个主要原因是代谢失衡，这是由于体力活动不足和能量摄入过多造成的。了解肥胖以及其他代谢紊乱的发病机制对于开发预防和治疗方法非常重要。能量平衡的协调发生在下丘脑，这是维持身体稳态的主要大脑区域。初级纤毛是一种最近受到关注的细胞器，因为它在控制下丘脑能量平衡方面发挥着作用。在人类和小鼠中，纤毛功能和形成所需的蛋白质缺陷已被证明会导致各种代谢紊乱。在这篇综述中，我们概述了初级纤毛的关键功能，特别是在下丘脑区域，并简要总结了纤毛在与代谢稳态相关的特定神经元中的主要作用的研究。