The European Physical Journal E ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-01 , DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00076-z A Gong 1 , S Rode 2 , G Gompper 2 , U B Kaupp 1 , J Elgeti 2 , B M Friedrich 3 , L Alvarez 1
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Abstract
The eukaryotic flagellum propels sperm cells and simultaneously detects physical and chemical cues that modulate the waveform of the flagellar beat. Most previous studies have characterized the flagellar beat and swimming trajectories in two space dimensions (2D) at a water/glass interface. Here, using refined holographic imaging methods, we report high-quality recordings of three-dimensional (3D) flagellar bending waves. As predicted by theory, we observed that an asymmetric and planar flagellar beat results in a circular swimming path, whereas a symmetric and non-planar flagellar beat results in a twisted-ribbon swimming path. During swimming in 3D, human sperm flagella exhibit torsion waves characterized by maxima at the low curvature regions of the flagellar wave. We suggest that these torsion waves are common in nature and that they are an intrinsic property of beating axonemes. We discuss how 3D beat patterns result in twisted-ribbon swimming paths. This study provides new insight into the axoneme dynamics, the 3D flagellar beat, and the resulting swimming behavior.
Graphic abstract
中文翻译：
重建精子游泳行为的三维搏动模式
抽象的
真核鞭毛推动精子细胞，同时检测调节鞭毛节拍波形的物理和化学信号。之前的大多数研究都描述了水/玻璃界面二维空间（2D）中的鞭毛节拍和游动轨迹。在这里，我们使用精细的全息成像方法，报告了三维（3D）鞭毛弯曲波的高质量记录。正如理论预测的那样，我们观察到不对称和平面的鞭毛节拍会产生圆形游泳路径，而对称和非平面的鞭毛节拍会产生扭曲的带状游泳路径。在 3D 游泳过程中，人类精子鞭毛表现出扭转波，其特征在于鞭毛波的低曲率区域具有最大值。我们认为这些扭转波在自然界中很常见，并且它们是跳动轴丝的固有特性。我们讨论 3D 节拍模式如何产生扭曲的丝带游泳路径。这项研究为轴丝动力学、3D 鞭毛节拍以及由此产生的游泳行为提供了新的见解。
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