Monterey formation crude oil spilled from an onshore pipeline and entered the surf zone near Refugio State Beach, Santa Barbara County, California (USA) on 19 May 2015. During this season, early life stages of many marine fish and invertebrates were present. Surf zone water and beach porewater samples were collected during the 4 mo after the spill and 2 yr later for chemical analyses. Elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were observed in surf zone water and porewater near the release point, declining with distance and time. Early life stage toxicity was investigated by conducting 6- and 7-d static renewal bioassays with sand crab (Emerita analoga) post larvae (megalopae) and inland silverside larvae (Menidia beryllina), respectively, and a 48-h blue mussel (Mytilus sp.) embryo development bioassay. Dilutions of a high-energy water accommodated fraction of the Refugio Beach oil and a seawater control were prepared to simulate surf zone PAH concentrations (nominal PAH₄₅; 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 µg/L). The PAH₄₅ median lethal concentrations (LC50s), based on measured concentrations, were 381 µg/L for Mytilus sp., 75.6 µg/L for Menidia, and 40.9 µg/L for Emerita. Our results suggest that PAH concentrations in coastal waters of the spill-affected area were potentially lethal to early life stages of fish and invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2578–2586. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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Refugio Beach Oil 对沙蟹 (Emerita analoga)、蓝贻贝 (Mytilus sp.) 和内陆银边 (Menidia beryllina) 的毒性

2015 年 5 月 19 日，蒙特利地层原油从陆上管道泄漏并进入加利福尼亚州（美国）圣巴巴拉县 Refugio 州立海滩附近的冲浪区。在这个季节，许多海洋鱼类和无脊椎动物的早期生命阶段出现。在泄漏后 4 个月和 2 年后收集冲浪区水和海滩孔隙水样品用于化学分析。在释放点附近的冲浪带水和孔隙水中观察到多环芳烃（PAH）和总石油烃浓度升高，随着距离和时间的推移而下降。通过对沙蟹 ( Emerita analoga ) 后幼虫 (megalopae) 和内陆银边幼虫 ( Menidia beryllina) 和 48 小时蓝贻贝 ( Mytilus sp.) 胚胎发育生物测定。制备了 Refugio Beach 油的高能水容纳部分和海水对照的稀释液，以模拟冲浪区 PAH 浓度（标称 PAH ₄₅；0、0.5、1、5、10、50、100 和 500 µg/L ）。基于实测浓度的 PAH _{45中位致死浓度 (LC50s) 分别为}Mytilus sp. 381 µg/L、Menidia 75.6 µg/L 和Emerita 40.9 µg/L 。我们的研究结果表明，受泄漏影响地区沿海水域的 PAH 浓度对鱼类和无脊椎动物的早期生命阶段可能是致命的。环境毒物化学2021；40:2578–2586。© 2021 SETAC