Identifying critical areas of ecosystem service supply and demand provides an important foundation for regional ecological security and land space optimization. The purpose of this study was to establish a spatial multi-scale integrated ecosystem service pattern assessment framework, in order to provide theoretical support for regional ecological protection planning and refined management. Taking the typical hilly area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China as an example, based on the assessment matrix of land use and ecosystem services, we used the method of spatial heterogeneity assessment and self-organizing feature mapping (SOFM) to explore the identification and regionalization of critical areas of ecosystem services at regional and small scales. The results show that there was spatial heterogeneity and scale effects of ecosystem services under the two scales. The small-scale supply–demand pattern was greatly affected by microtopography and land use patterns, and the importance of ecosystem services was as follows: forest area in the upper part of the mountain > orchard and dry area in the middle and lower part of the mountain > valley farming area > flat town and farming area. The regional-scale supply–demand pattern was greatly affected by landscape structure, location conditions and social economy, and the importance of ecosystem services was as follows: south > west > north > central. The SOFM network quantitatively identified four types of ecological areas with clear dominant functions at regional and small scales. The balance between supply and demand in the studied ecosystem service areas was I > II > III > IV, in which I was the critical area in terms of supply and IV was the critical area in terms of demand. This assessment framework can improve the spatial accuracy and objectivity of the quantification and mapping of ecosystem services, and provide new ideas for multi-scale identification and expression of ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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基于空间异质性评估和SOFM神经网络识别不同尺度生态系统服务供需关键区域

识别生态系统服务供需关键区域，为区域生态安全和土地空间优化提供重要基础。本研究旨在建立空间多尺度综合生态系统服务格局评价框架，为区域生态保护规划和精细化管理提供理论支持。以我国长江上游典型丘陵区为例,基于土地利用与生态系统服务评价矩阵,采用空间异质性评价与自组织特征图(SOFM)方法进行探索在区域和小尺度上确定和区域化生态系统服务的关键区域。结果表明，两个尺度下生态系统服务存在空间异质性和尺度效应。小规模供需格局受微地形和土地利用格局影响较大，生态系统服务的重要性表现为：山地上部森林面积＞山地中下部果园干旱区。山地>谷地农区>平镇农区。区域尺度供需格局受景观结构、区位条件和社会经济影响较大，生态系统服务的重要性表现为：西南>西>北>中部。SOFM网络在区域和小尺度上定量识别了四种具有明显优势功能的生态区。研究的生态系统服务区供需平衡为I>II>III>IV，其中I为供给临界区，IV为需求临界区。该评估框架可以提高生态系统服务量化和制图的空间准确性和客观性，为生态系统服务的多尺度识别和表达提供新思路。