Manure application to land and deposition of urine and dung by grazing animals are major sources of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Using data on NH₃ and N₂O emissions following land-applied manures and excreta deposited during grazing, emission factors (EFs) disaggregated by climate zone were developed, and the effects of mitigation strategies were evaluated. The NH₃ data represent emissions from cattle and swine manures in temperate wet climates, and the N₂O data include cattle, sheep, and swine manure emissions in temperate wet/dry and tropical wet/dry climates. The NH₃ EFs for broadcast cattle solid manure and slurry were 0.03 and 0.24 kg NH₃–N kg^–1 total N (TN), respectively, whereas the NH₃ EF of broadcast swine slurry was 0.29. Emissions from both cattle and swine slurry were reduced between 46 and 62% with low-emissions application methods. Land application of cattle and swine manure in wet climates had EFs of 0.005 and 0.011 kg N₂O–N kg^–1 TN, respectively, whereas in dry climates the EF for cattle manure was 0.0031. The N₂O EFs for cattle urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0095 and 0.002 kg N₂O–N kg^–1 TN, respectively, which were three times greater than for dry climates. The N₂O EFs for sheep urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0043 and 0.0005, respectively. The use of nitrification inhibitors reduced emissions in swine manure, cattle urine/dung, and sheep urine by 45–63%. These enhanced EFs can improve national inventories; however, more data from poorly represented regions (e.g., Asia, Africa, South America) are needed.

中文翻译：

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牲畜和土地施肥沉积的排泄物的氨和一氧化二氮排放因子

粪便施用于土地以及放牧动物的尿液和粪便沉积是氨 (NH ₃ ) 和一氧化二氮 (N ₂ O) 排放的主要来源。使用土地施肥和放牧期间沉积的排泄物后NH ₃和 N ₂ O 排放的数据，开发了按气候区分类的排放因子 (EF)，并评估了减缓策略的效果。NH ₃数据代表温带潮湿气候下牛粪和猪粪的排放，N ₂ O 数据包括温带湿/干和热带湿/干气候中牛、羊和猪粪的排放。NH ₃播撒牛固体粪便和泥浆的 EF 分别为 0.03 和 0.24 kg NH ₃ –N kg ^–1总氮 (TN)，而播撒猪泥浆的 NH ₃ EF 为 0.29。使用低排放应用方法，牛粪和猪粪的排放量减少了 46% 至 62%。在潮湿气候下，牛粪和猪粪在土地上施用的 EF 分别为 0.005 和 0.011 kg N ₂ O–N kg ^–1 TN，而在干燥气候下，牛粪的 EF 为 0.0031。潮湿气候下牛尿和牛粪的 N ₂ O EF 分别为 0.0095 和 0.002 kg N ₂ O–N kg ^–1 TN，是干燥气候的三倍。然后潮湿气候下羊尿和粪便的₂ O EF 分别为 0.0043 和 0.0005。硝化抑制剂的使用使猪粪、牛尿/粪便和羊尿中的排放量减少了 45-63%。这些增强的 EF 可以改善国家清单；然而，需要更多来自代表性较差地区（例如亚洲、非洲、南美洲）的数据。