The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).

细胞色素 P450 (CYP) 酶超家族在植物进化和代谢多样化中起关键作用。这篇综述提供了绿藻和陆地植物中 CYP 的现状。从维管植物中已知的 11 个保守的 CYP 氏族都存在于绿藻中，并且识别出几个绿藻特异性氏族。氏族 71、72 和 85 仍然是最大的 CYP 氏族，包括许多反映谱系特异性途径出现的特定分类群 CYP（亚）家族。讨论了 CYP 可塑性和进化的分子特征和动力学，并通过选定的生物合成途径举例说明。对于来自大家族的 CYP，通常观察到高底物混杂，有利于保留基因重复和新功能化，从而播种获得新功能。阐明产生在植物系统发育中零星分布的代谢物的生物合成途径揭示了趋同进化的多个例子，其中 CYP 已从相同或不同的 CYP 家族中独立招募，以适应类似的环境挑战或生态位。有时，功能互变只需要一个或几个突变。通过植物 P450 数据库 (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/) 在线提供功能特征植物 CYP 的汇编。有时，功能互变只需要一个或几个突变。通过植物 P450 数据库 (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/) 在线提供功能特征植物 CYP 的汇编。有时，功能互变只需要一个或几个突变。通过植物 P450 数据库 (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/) 在线提供功能特征植物 CYP 的汇编。