Seven typical developmental steps are described as cardinal changes leading children from implicit embodied self-awareness at birth, self-consciousness by 2 years, and the adoption of an ethical stance toward others by the preschool years (3-5y). This development may be a useful benchmark for clinicians. In this review, some clinical pointers are outlined in relation to each developmental step, but with a particular focus on the testing of self-awareness in children with developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability.

中文翻译：

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发展自我意识的临床指导

七个典型的发展步骤被描述为主要变化，导致儿童从出生时的内隐自我意识、2 岁时的自我意识以及学龄前（3-5 岁）对他人采取道德立场。这一发展可能是临床医生的有用基准。在这篇综述中，概述了与每个发育步骤相关的一些临床指标，但特别关注对患有发育障碍（包括自闭症谱系障碍、脑瘫和智力障碍）的儿童的自我意识测试。