Mammals are usually considered unproblematic as biological individuals. This article contends the opposite. Once we consider pregnancy, criteria for biological individuality are not easily applicable in mammals and give conflicting results: mammalian pregnancy poses a problem for biological individuality. This may open fruitful new approaches to biological individuality and is of relevance to metaphysicians interested in (human) organisms.

中文翻译：

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生物个体、怀孕和（哺乳动物）繁殖

哺乳动物通常被认为是没有问题的生物个体。这篇文章反其道而行之。一旦我们考虑怀孕，生物学个性的标准就不容易适用于哺乳动物，并得出相互矛盾的结果：哺乳动物怀孕对生物学个性构成了问题。这可能为生物学个性开辟富有成效的新方法，并且与对（人类）有机体感兴趣的形而上学家相关。